Mutinus albotruncatus B.D.B. Silva & Baseia, 2015

Da Silva, Bianca D. B., Cabral, Tiara S., Martín, María P., Marinho, Paulo, Calonge, Francisco D. & Baseia, Iuri Goulart, 2015, Mutinus albotruncatus (Phallales, Agaricomycetes), a new phalloid from the Brazilian semiarid, and a key to the world species, Phytotaxa 236 (3), pp. 237-248 : 241-245

Mutinus albotruncatus B.D.B. Silva & Baseia , sp. nov. ( Fig. 2 , 3 and 4 )

MycoBank no.: MB 812516

Etymology:— albotruncatus refers to the white pseudostipe and truncated apex.

Diagnosis:—Egg fabiform to reniform, 6–17 mm height × 5–8 mm in diameter. Pseudostipe cylindrical, 50–70 mm high, apically perforate, sterile portion white, straight, not chambered; fertile portion doliform, truncated, slightly rugulose, covering about 1/3 of the total length of pseudostipe. Gleba confined in the upper region of the pseudostipe, mucilaginous. Basidiospores 3.8–5.0 × 2.2–2.5 μm, ellipsoid, smooth.

Type:— BRAZIL. Ceará: Crato, Município Santana do Cariri , FLONA Araripe , 07°13.284’S, 39°31.445’W, 947 m, 24 January 2011, BDB Silva & BT Goto (holotype UFRN 2025 , isotype UFRN 2589 ) [GenBank accession numbers— LSU: KT183493 , atp 6: KT183490, ITS: KT202281; all from holotype] .

Unexpanded basidiome (egg) fabiform to reniform to ellipsoid ( Fig. 2a , 3b ), 6–17 mm height × 5–8 in diameter, epigeous. Exoperidium membranaceous, smooth, white, orangy white (5A2) to greyish orange (6B3), with several white central rhizomorphs emerging from the base. Endoperidium gelatinous, hyaline. Expanded basidiome formed by pseudostipe and volva ( Fig. 3a ). Pseudostipe cylindrical, 50–70 mm height × 4–6 mm diameter, apically perforate, hollow, spongy; sterile portion white, straight, not chambered ( Fig. 2f ); fertile portion light brown (6D4), slightly thick, doliform to cylindrical, truncated ( Fig. 2b–2d ), slightly rugulose ( Fig. 2e ), 14–22 mm high, covering about 1/3 of the total length of pseudostipe. Gleba covering and confined to the upper region of the pseudostipe, mucilaginous, olive green (3E3) to olive grey (3E2).

Basidiospores 3.8–5.0 × 2.2–2.5 μm, ellipsoid ( Fig. 4a ), smooth, hyaline to slightly greenish in 5% KOH. Pseudostipe composed of pseudoparenchymatous cells, hyaline, irregular shaped, 20.2–57.3 × 17.8–47.1 μm ( Fig. 4b ). Volva formed by filamentous hyphae, septate, branched, hyaline, 2.2–4.5 μm diameter ( Fig. 4c ). Rhizomorphs composed of filamentous hyphae, septate, hyaline, 1.4–3.6 μm diameter ( Fig. 4d ).

Habitat: — growing on decaying wood.

Distribution: —S tate of Ceará, Brazil.

Remarks: — The presence of a white pseudostipe, a brown, doliform to cylindrical and truncated fertile portion, and the lignicolous habitat differentiate Mutinus albotruncatus from other species in the genus. The apical region of the pseudostipe of M. albotruncatus resembles species of the genus Phallus , due to the truncated region and the thick surface which give the appearance of a receptacle. However, an in-depth analysis of the morphology revealed that M. albotruncatus does not have a receptacle. The brownish color of the fertile portion resembles M. zenkeri Henn. E. Fischer (1900: 47) . However, M. zenkeri is differentiated by having an incomplete and brittle membrane on which the gleba is located ( Dring & Rose 1977, Degreef et al. 2013). Mutinus annulatus F. M. Bailey (1895: 10), M. borneensis , M. boninensis Lloyd (1908: 402) , M. caninus var. albus Zeller (1944: 263) and M. proximus Berkeley ex Massee (1891: 94) also have a pseudostipe with a white sterile portion. M. annulatus ( Lloyd 1909) is distinguished by an annulated base and red-ochre color of the fertile portion of the pseudostipe, M. borneensis ( Lloyd 1909, Grgurinovic 1997) has a shorter and salmon pink or red fertile portion, M. boninensis ( Lloyd 1909, Kobayasi 1937) has a fertile portion with pointed apex and it is completely annulated, M. caninus var. albus ( Zeller 1944) has a red and glabrous fertile portion and M. proximus has an obtuse and imperforate apex, as well as a pseudostipe with an orange-red fertile portion. Mutinus rugulosus (recorded from the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil ( Rick 1929, 1961)) also has a white pseudostipe but it is a species with little information in its protologue. The only information provided is a comparison to M. bambusinus , with M. rugulosus having larger basidiomes and a white pseudostipe ( Rick 1929).

Mutinus albotruncatus B.D.B. Silva & Baseia sp. nov.

Mutinus annulatus F.M. Bailey

≡ Floccomutinus annulatus (F.M. Bailey) Lloyd

≡ Phallus annulatus (F.M. Bailey) G. Cunn.

Mutinus annulatus Lloyd

Mutinus argentinus Speg.

Mutinus bambusinus (Zoll.) E. Fisch.

Mutinus bambusinus Cooke

= Mutinus ravenelii (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) E. Fisch.

Mutinus bicolor Lév.

Mutinus boninensis Lloyd

Mutinus borneensis Ces.

Mutinus bovinus Morgan

= Mutinus curtisii (Berk.) E. Fisch.

Mutinus caninus (Huds.) Fr.

Mutinus caninus var. albus Zeller

Mutinus caninus var. caninus (Huds.) Fr.

Mutinus caninus var. levonensis Noelli

Mutinus cartilagineus J.H. Willis

Mutinus coracoideus Kawam.

Mutinus curtisii (Berk.) E. Fisch.

= Mutinus elegans (Mont.) E. Fisch

Mutinus discolor (Kalchbr.) E. Fisch.

= Phallus aurantiacus var. discolor Kalchbr.

Mutinus elegans (Mont.) E. Fisch

Mutinus fleischeri Penz.

Mutinus granulatus E. Fisch.

Mutinus hardyi F.M. Bailey

= Lysurus mokusin (L.) Fr.

Mutinus inopinatus Ulbr.

= Mutinus elegans (Mont.) E. Fisch

Mutinus minimus Pat.

Mutinus muelleri E. Fisch.

= Mutinus bambusinus (Zoll.) E. Fisch.

Mutinus papuasius Kalchbr.

≡ Phallus papuasius (Kalchbr.) Kalchbr.

Mutinus pentagonus F.M. Bailey

= Lysurus mokusin (L.) Fr.

Mutinus pentagonus var. hardyi F.M. Bailey

= Lysurus mokusin (L.) Fr.

Mutinus pentagonus var. pentagonus F.M. Bailey

= Lysurus mokusin (L.) Fr.

Mutinus penzigii E. Fisch.

Mutinus proximus Berk. ex Massee

Mutinus quadrigenus Sawada

Mutinus ravenelii (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) E. Fisch

Mutinus rugulosus Rick

Mutinus sulcatus Cooke & Massee

= Lysurus gardneri Berk.

= Lysurus cruciatus (Lepr. & Mont.) Henn.

Mutinus watsonii (Berk.) E. Fisch.

= Mutinus borneensis Ces.

Mutinus xylogenus Lloyd

≡ Xylophallus xylogenus (Mont.) E. Fisch.

Mutinus zenkeri (Henn.) E. Fisch.

There are many species of the genus Mutinus that need to be reviewed. Some features are lost when the material is dry and this complicates the analysis of the specimens. Moreover, as in M. rugulosus , there are some species with little information in their protologues: M. bicolor Léveillé (1855: 109) , M. coracoideus Kawamura (1929: 300) , M. granulatus E. Fischer (1927: 472) , M. proximus , M. quadrigenus Sawada (1931: 330) ; and, in some cases, they have been only recorded a single time from their type locality. Based on our survey, we accept 21 species in the genus Mutinus ( Table 2), including the new species here described.

A provisional key is provided for the Mutinus species, excluding M. coracoideus , M. granulatus , M. quadrigenus and M. rugulosus on account of the lack of information in their protologues and because it was not possible to review the types.

Figures

FIGURE 2. Mutinus albotruncatus (holotype): a. Immature basidiome; b–d. Fresh basidiome with white pseudostipe and truncated apex; e. Fertile part slightly rugulose with an olive green spore mass; f. Pseudostipe not chambered. Bar a–d = 10 mm, bar e–f = 5 mm Photos by: Bianca Silva.

FIGURE 3. Macroscopic drawings. a. Expanded basidiome with volva and pseudostipe, delimiting the sterile and fertile portion, bar = 10 mm; b. Immature basidiome, bar = 5 mm. Drawings by: Rhudson Cruz.

FIGURE 4. Photographs of microstructures of Mutinus albotruncatus: a. Basidiospores, bar = 5 μm; b. Pseudoparenchymatous cells of the pseudostipe, bar = 20 μm; c. Hyphae of the volva, bar = 5 μm; d. Hyphae of the rhizomorphs, bar = 5 μm. Photos by: Bianca Silva.