Coelostoma (Holocoelostoma) sulcatum Pu, 1963

Mai, Zuqi, Hu, Jian & Jia, Fenglong, 2022, Additional fauna of Coelostoma Brulle, 1835 from China, with re-establishment of Coelostoma sulcatum Pu, 1963 as a valid species (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae, Sphaeridiinae), ZooKeys 1091, pp. 15-56 : 15

Coelostoma (Holocoelostoma) sulcatum Pu, 1963

Figures 9A , 10A-J , 16B, F, J

Coelostoma sulcatum Pu, 1963: 77. Type locality: Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan, China.

Coelostoma (Holocoelostoma) stultum (Walker, 1858): Jia et al. 2014: 370. Synonym.

Coelostoma (Holocoelostoma) bhutanicum Jayaswal, 1972: Sheth et al. 2020: 21. Possible synonym.

Type material examined.

Coelostoma sulcatum : Holotype (Fig. 10A, B ): male (IZCAS), "Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Gannanba / 540 m / 1952.IV.17 / Guang-Ji Hong leg. (with Chinese and Russian labels) // Coelostoma sulcata Pu // HOLOTYPE"; Paratype: male (SYSU), "Jingdong / 1200 m / 26.iv.1957 // A. Monchadskiy leg. (with Chinese and Russian labels) // Coelostoma sulcata Pu // Paratype"

Material examined.

China: Fujian: 1 spec. (SYSU), Nanjing County, Hexi Town , in a pond, 13.vii.2010, Feng-long Jia leg. ; 2 spec. (SYSU), Ningde District, Mountain behind Ningde Teachers College , 29°01'N, 115°16'E, 315 m, 2.x.2012, Ze-yu Wang leg. ; 1 spec. (SYSU), Fu'an District , x.1963, Shan-xiang Lin leg. ; Guangdong: 1 male (SYSU), Ruyuan County, Longxi , 4-5.x.1964, light trap ; 1 spec. (SYSU), Zhuhai, Qi'ao Island , 12.vii.2005, Feng-long Jia leg. ; 2 spec. (SYSU), Guangzhou, Shipai , pig farm, 25.vii.1985. Wu Wu leg. ; 1 spec. (SYSU), Guangzhou City, Shipai , pig farm, 20.vii.1985. Wu Wu leg. ; 1 spec. (SYSU), Guangzhou City, South bank of Zhujiang River , cattle farm, 10.x.1985. Wu Wu leg. ; 1 spec. (SYSU), Guangzhou , viii.1938. Zhe-long Pu leg. ; 3 spec. (SYSU), Shenzhen City, Inner Lingding Island , 8-12.iv.1998, Peng & Chen leg. ; 33 spec. (SYSU), Shenzhen City, Dapeng Peninsula, Getian Village , 22.48157°N 114.52643°E, 12 m, 3.vii.2019, Feng-long Jia & Zu-qi Mai leg. ; 1 male (SYSU), Shenzhen City, Dapeng Peninsula, Getian Village , 22°29'25"N, 114°30'59"E, - 6 m, 14.xi.2020, Zu-qi Mai, Zhuoyin Jiang & Shu-jiao Jiang leg. ; 1 spec (SYSU), Shenzhen City, Dapeng Peninsula, Jin'gui Village , 22°39'35"N, 114°23'10"E, 62 m, 15.v.2019, Wei-cai Xie leg. ; 2 spec. (SYSU), Shenzhen City, Dapeng Peninsula, Paiyashan Mountain , 22°37'37"N, 114°26'17"E, 34 m, 5. xi.2018, Lan-bin Xiang leg. ; 1 spec (SYSU), Shenzhen , 8-11.viii.2006, Feng-long Jia leg. ; 3 spec. (SYSU), Shenzhen City, Pingtouling Mountain , 25.ix.2021, Bao-ping Huang leg. ; 1 spec. (SYSU), Danxiashan Mountain, Jinshiyan , pool under a stone wall, 11.vi.2011, Feng-long Jia leg. ; 1 male (SYSU), Fengkai County, Heishiding , in a pool, 13.viii.2010, Feng-long Jia leg. ; 1 spec. (SYSU), Dinghushan Mountain , 4.vi.1958, Cui-ying Li leg. ; Guangxi: 1 male (SYSU), Jinxiu County, Luoxiang , 400 m, 16.v.1999, Ming-yuan Gao leg. ; 1 male (SYSU), Shangsi County, Hongqi Forestry Centre , 300 m, 29.v.1999, Xing Ke leg. ; 4 spec. (SYSU), Nanning City , 22.vi.1958, Zhe-long Pu leg. ; 6 spec (SYSU), Nanning City , 19.vi.1977, Zhi-he Huang leg. ; Longlin County, Jinzhongshan Mountain , viii.2014, Shan-yi Zhou leg. ; Jiangxi: 10 spec. (SYSU), Jing’an County, Zaodu (璪都) Town , Nanshan Village (南山村), 315 m, 29°01'N, 115°16'E, 2.viii.2015 Ren-chao Lin & Yu-dan Tang leg. ; 4 spec. (SYSU), Jing’an County, Shanzhaolun, Tangli Village (塘里村), 260 m, 29°04'03"N, 115°17'23"E, 3.viii.2015, Ren-chao Lin & Yu-dan Tang leg. ; 1 spec. (SYSU), Jing’an County, Jinggangshan, Bijiashan Mountain , 390 m, 26°31'12"N, 114°11'45"E, 22-25.vii.2014, light trap, Chen, Hu, Lv & Yu leg. ; 1 spec. (SYSU), Jing’an County, Jinggangshan, Baiyinhu Lake , 800 m, 27.v.2011, Feng-long Jia leg. ; Macao: 6 spec. (SYSU), Dangzai Mangrove Reserves, First area , 22°8'24"N, 113°33'11"E, 12 m, 16-17.i.2021, on edges of lagoon at night, Feng-long Jia & Zu-qi Mai leg. ; 4 spec. (SYSU), Dangzai Mangrove Reserves, First area , 11-12.vii.2018, Feng-long Jia & Wei-cai Xie leg. ; 4 spec. (SYSU), Dangzai Mangrove Reserves, First area , 10.x.2020, Feng-long Jia & Wei-cai Xie leg. ; 1 spec. (SYSU), Dangzai Mangrove Reserves, First area , 17.vi.2016, Feng-long Jia leg. ; 33 spec. (SYSU), Dangzai Mangrove Reserves, First area , 8.iv.2014, Wei-cai Xie & Jin-wei Li leg. ; 1 spec. (SYSU), Dangzai Mangrove Reserves, First area , 3.xi.2014, Ren-chao Lin leg. ; 1 spec. (SYSU), Coloane, KoloaneAlto (叠石塘), 27.iii.2014, Feng-long Jia leg. ; Taiwan: 4 spec. (SYSU), Taidung County, Donghe Town, Xinchang (興昌), 25.x.2016, Wen-yi Zhou leg. ; Xizang: 2 spec., Motuo, Beibeng , 850 m, 25.v.1983, Yinheng Han leg. , each with a yellow label " Paratype, Coelostoma xizangensis , det. Wu Wu "; 1 male, same data as the former, but with a red label " Holotype, Coelostoma xizangensis , det. Wu Wu " ; 1 female, same data as the former, but with a label " Allotype, Coelostoma xizangensis , det. Wu Wu " ; 2 spec., same data as the former, but with a label " Coelostoma xizangensis " ; 5 spec. (SYSU), Muotuo County, Miri Village , 29°25'06"N, 95°24'23"E, 800 m, 23.vi.2018, Shi-shuai Wang & Zu-long Liang leg. ; Yunnan: 5 spec. (SYSU), Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Botanical Garden, Lake besides Royal Water Lily Hotel , 4-11.iv.2021, Bao-ping Huang leg. ; 6 spec. (SYSU), Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Botanical Garden, Lake besides Royal Water Lily Hotel , 4-11.iv.2021, Bao-ping Huang leg. ; 5 spec. (SYSU), Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Botanical Garden, Lake besides Royal Water Lily Hotel , 21.9295°N, 101.2483°E, 500 m, 2.v.2021, Zhuo-yin Jiang, Zhen-ming Yang, Bao-ping Huang & Zu-qi Mai leg. ; 1 spec. (SYSU), Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Botanical Garden , 21.92262°N, 101.27710°E, 567 m, light trap, 23.v.2011, Ke-qing Song leg. ; 2 spec. (SYSU), Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Naban Village , 7.i.2004, Li & Tang leg. ; 2 spec. (SYSU), Mengla County, Wangtianshu Reserve , light trap, 22.vii.2014, Yun Li leg. ; 1 spec. (SYSU), Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Gannanba , 500 m, 13.iii.1957, Qiu-zhen Liang leg. ; 9 spec. (SYSU), Yingjiang County, Nabang Town , 24.75°N, 97.56°E, 239 m, 27.v.2016, Yu-dan Tang & Rui-juan Zhang leg. ; 1 spec. (SYSU), Yingjiang County, Tongbiguan Town, Kaibangya Lake , 24.58°N, 97.67°E, 1289 m, 25.v.2016, Yu-dan Tang & Rui-juan Zhang leg. ; 1 spec. (SYSU), Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture , Yingjiang County, Xima Town (昔马镇), Hulukou (葫芦口), Xingyun Secondary power station (星云二级电站), 1000 m, vi.2019, light trap, Zhao-yang Tang leg. Zhejiang: 1 male (SYSU), Lin’an County, Mt. Tianmushan , 300-400 m, 11-15.vi.2006, Hu & Wang Leg .; 1 spec (SYSU), Mt. W. Tianmushan , 10-21.viii.2004, N.-C. Li Leg .;

Diagnosis.

Length 4.5-5.8 mm. Head, pronotum and elytra with similar punctation. Prosternum moderately convex medially, not carinate, without anteromedian process. Elytra slightly or not parallel-sided in the middle, without serial punctures. Mesofemora without dense pubescence, but with punctures bearing strong setae laterally. First abdominal ventrite not carinate, fifth ventrite emarginate and with a row of stout setae apically. Aedeagus (Fig. 10B-J ): 0.9-1.4 mm long. Median lobe widest basally, almost parallel from base to apical fourth, then distinctly narrowed apically (materials from Macao slightly narrowed); gonopore situated apically. Parameres longer than median lobe, outer face slightly curved or sinuate medially and strongly curved inwards apically.

Biology

(Figs 15G, H , 16B, F, J ). This species can be found in various of aquatic environments. It can be collected on wet ground near rivers, streams or natural lakes. It also occurs at some artificial environments, such as on sandy gutters with very shallow flowing waters in Shenzhen (Fig. 16B ), on the edges of an artificial lake (Fig. 15G ) and also lives with Coelostoma phallicum Orchymont, 1940 in Xishuangbanna. It also occurs on the muddy edges of a brackish lagoon in a mangrove reserve in Macao (Fig. 15H ). Adults are active at night and sometimes attracted by light.

Remarks.

Jia et al. (2014) thought this species was a synonym of Coelostoma stultum Walker. Liu et al. (2020) and Sheth et al. (2020) stated that it is a different species from C. stultum Walker after they studied a paratype of C. stultum , and considered as a likely synonym of Coelostoma bhutanicum Jayaswal, 1972 ( Sheth et al. 2020). Here, we recovered the status of C. sulcatum Pu as a valid species.

Coelostoma sulcatum Pu, 1963 is morphologically variable in shape of aedeagus, especially in parameres. Compared with the original description ( Jayaswal 1972) and photos of C. bhutanicum from india ( Sheth et al. 2020), C. bhutanicum is very similar to C. sulcatum especially in aedeagus, which outer face of median lobe is slightly narrowing or subparalleling from base to apical fourth and distinctly narrowed subapically (Fig. 10B-I ). This indicates C. bhutanicum and C. sulcatum possibly refer to the same species.

Liu et al. (2020) reported C. bhutanicum Jayaswal, 1972 from Taiwan. In his illustration of aedeagus, median lobe is of almost same width throughout, only slightly narrowed apically ( Liu et al. 2020: fig. 2E). This character is inconsistent with the median lobe of C. bhutanicum drawn by Jayaswal (1972), but very closed to C. bhutanicum from Japan ( Watanabe and Minoshima 2020) and C. sulcatum from Macao (Fig. 10J ). This character has not been found in other specimens of C. sulcatum and C. bhutanicum . Hence, it is possible that the specimens with this character represent another undescribed species or just intraspecific variation of C. sulcatum . However, solving the problem of synonymization of C. bhutanicum and C. sulcatum is not easy until the type of C. bhutanicum can be examined. Hence, we prefer to treat specimens from China as C. sulcatum and not treat C. bhutanicum in the key to species of Chinese Coelostoma at present.

Distribution.

China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Macao, Taiwan, Yunnan, Xizang, Zhejiang).

Figures

Figure 9. Dorsal view of Chinese Holocoelostoma A Coelostoma sulcatum Pu, 1963 B Coelostoma stultum (Walker, 1858). Scale bar: 1.0 mm (A, B).

Figure 10. Aedeagus of Coelostoma sulcatum Pu, 1963 (dorsal view) A, B holotype of C. sulcatum A labels B aedeagus C from Jing'an County (Jiangxi) D from Shenzhen City (Guangdong) E from Longlin County (Guangxi) F from Xishuangbanna (Yunnan) G from Xima (昔马) Town (Yunnan) H from Tongbiguan Town (Yunnan) I from Muotuo County (Xizang) J from Macao. Scale bar: 0.5 mm (A-J).

Figure 15. Habitats of Chinese Coelostoma A stone walls with running waters in forest (Yunnan) B wet stone walls with moss (Guangdong) C mountain stream in forest (Guangdong) D mountain river with rocky edges (Shanxi) E wastewater in city downtown (Guangdong) F lowland marshes with vegetation (Guangdong) G artificial lake (Yunnan) H brackish lagoon in mangrove reserve (Macao).

Figure 16. Habitats of Chinese Coelostoma spp. A C. turnai Hebauer, 2006 active at wet rocky ground beside a river at night (Fujian) B C. sulcatum Pu, 1963 on sandy gutterway with shallow flowing waters at night (Guangdong) C C. phallicum Orchymont, 1940 hided under a brick beside the wastewater during the day (Guangdong) D C. phallicum Orchymont, 1940 dived under water and fed on algal mats at night (Guangdong) E C. bifidum Jia, Aston & Fikacek on wet stone wall at night (Guangdong) F C. sulcatum Pu, 1963 on muddy edge of artificial lake at night (Yunnan) G C. nankunshanense sp. nov. on a stone in the middle of a forest stream at night (Guangdong) H C. surkhetensis Hebauer, 2002 in a wet stone on the edges of a forest stream at night (Xizang) I C. wui Orchymont, 1940 on the edges of a mountain river at night (Shanxi) J C. sulcatum Pu, 1963 on muddy edges of brackish lagoon at night, with a marine Amphipoda beside it (Macao) K C. nankunshanense sp. nov. mating at night (Guangdong) L C. wui Orchymont, 1940 ovipositing eggs on wet land at night (Shanxi).