Phorocardius Fleutiaux, 1931

Ruan, Yongying, Douglas, Hume B., Qiu, Lu, Chen, Xiaoqin & Jiang, Shihong, 2020, Revision of Chinese Phorocardius species (Coleoptera, Elateridae, Cardiophorinae), ZooKeys 993, pp. 47-120 : 47

publication ID	https://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.993.53805
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C40989DB-8063-4C9F-A481-E7AA82CA924B
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treatment provided by	ZooKeys by Pensoft
scientific name	Phorocardius Fleutiaux, 1931
status

Treatment

Phorocardius Fleutiaux, 1931: 308. Type species: Cardiophorus florentini Fleutiaux, 1895.

Distribution of known species.

Oriental and southeast Palearctic Regions: China (Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Henan, Sichuan, Hubei, Guizhou, Yunnan, Guangxi, Taiwan, Hainan), Myanmar, India, Laos, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Maldives (doubtful).

Description of Phorocardius based on species from China.

Body length 5-13.9 mm. Width 1.6-4.5 mm. Integument black, brown, yellow and/or red, some with spots or stripes on pronotum or elytra. Body with yellow to yellow-grey pubescence (brown setae present on disc of pronotum in P. florentini and P. zhiweii Ruan Douglas & Qiu, sp. nov.).

Head. Hypognathous. Frons and vertex convex, flat or weakly concave; frontal carina (joined supraantennal carinae, raised above labrum) convex or straight in dorsal view; carina smooth and glabrous; supraantennal carinae forked near junctures with compound eyes (Fig. 23 View Figure 23 , indicated by arrows), weakly separated in rare cases (e.g., in P. manuleatus , see Fig. 23E View Figure 23 ); frons with supraorbital and orbital grooves present and shallow (Fig. 1F View Figure 1 ). Antennae not reaching or slightly exceeding posterior angles of pronotum; antennal sensory elements beginning on antennomere 3. Mandible with apex bidentate to tridentate; apical palpomere of maxillary hatchet-shaped or polygonal, longer than wide. Labrum evenly convex. Area between each antennal fossa and adjacent compound eye unsculptured, or with groove or pit(s).

Prothorax. Pronotum in dorsal view with sides straight, convex, or sinuate near posterior fourth. Pronotum with punctures circular or oval on dorsal surface, punctures larger and deeper on disc and anterad, sparser and smaller posterad; sublateral incisions and carinae present (with carinae obsolete, see Fig. 1B View Figure 1 ); posterior edge of pronotum sinuate, with three apices mesally (tridentate antescutellar lobe, i.e., the median basal lobe in Douglas 2003); lateral carina on hypomeron not present (or not distinguishable from hind angle carina); posterior angles not truncate dorsally; hind angle carina not extending anterad beyond posterior third; anterior angles obtuse and not projecting anterad, posterior angles straight-sided, slightly convex or strongly bulged laterally (e.g., Fig. 17C, D View Figure 17 ), parallel to weakly divergent; hypomeral hind edges rectangularly emarginate (Fig. 12B View Figure 12 , indicated by arrow) immediately meso-ventrad of posterior angles. Procoxal cavities open or closed. Prosternum with sides concave in ventral view; anterior prosternal lobe long, covering labium when head is retracted; prosternal process curved dorsad or not, ventral surface convex to flat, carinate laterally or not; prosternal process approximately twice as long as procoxal cavity length.

Pterothorax. Scutellar shield heart-symbol shaped, with anterior edge emarginate (Fig. 13D View Figure 13 ), anterolateral edges sinuate to evenly convex, posterior apex narrowly rounded (Fig. 13D View Figure 13 ) to pointed (Figs 11A View Figure 11 , 15A View Figure 15 ), strongly elongate and produced posteriorly in some (e.g., in P. florentini ). In lateral view, mesosternum with anterior edges concave (Fig. 24 View Figure 24 ); anterior facing projections on posterior edge of mesosternum (i.e., on anteroventral angle of mesosternal fossa according to Douglas (2003)) strongly developed, sharp and produced anteriorly to absent (Fig. 25 View Figure 25 , indicated by solid line and lower red arrow). In ventral view, mesosternal fossa approximately diamond-symbol shaped (Fig. 25 View Figure 25 ), with lateral edges sinuate anterad of mesocoxae (Fig. 25 View Figure 25 ); antero-mesal angle of mesepisternum broadly rounded to acute, facing antero-mesally (Fig. 25 View Figure 25 , indicated by dashed line and green arrow). Elytra with humeral angle angulate or tuberculate in dorsal view; interstriae prominently convex near base in most, gradually becoming less convex on apical half; upper edge of epipleura with minute serrations. Hind wings large, and apparently capable of flight; notched in anal area or not ( Douglas 2017).

Legs. Tarsi simple; tarsomere V longest; tarsal claws each with two apices, apices separated in apical half of claw, with ventral surface of claw sinuate basad of ventral apex, ventral apex much smaller than to almost as large as dorsal apex. Metacoxal plate large, covering 1/2-2/3 of metatrochanter with legs withdrawn.

Abdomen. Lateral edges of visible abdominal ventrites I-V (i.e., urosternites III-VII) with or without minute serrations.

Male genitalia. Urosternite VIII straight to anteriorly pointed, with two lateral posterior lobes, without median posterior lobe; abdominal segment IX with tergite and sternites articulated at sides. Aedeagus: paramere, with or without preapical lateral expansion (Fig. 1G View Figure 1 ), with preapical ventral (or apical mesal) expansion in some (Fig. 1H View Figure 1 ), apical mesal callus (in most oval, disc-like, with sclerotized sharp edge; see Figs 1G View Figure 1 , 4G View Figure 4 ) present or absent, lateral side with two setae near apex; aedeagus with basal strut ca. 0.8-1.0 × median lobe length; in ventral or dorsal view, median lobe tapered, parallel-sided or apically expanded, apex pointed to rounded to blunt; in lateral view, apex of median lobe bent abruptly dorsad in some (e.g., in P. magnus ); in lateral view, paramere and median lobe bent 30-45° ventrad near mid-length or apical third.

Female. Body of same or different color as male, some slightly longer and wider than male. Antennae of some shorter than in male. Apex of abdominal ventrite V arcuate to truncate, with deep to shallow incision on each side (Figs 9D, E View Figure 9 , 20D View Figure 20 ), or with elongate deep invagination containing slender blade-like projection (Fig. 15C View Figure 15 ) (in male: apex of abdominal ventrite V simple, arcuate to slightly sinuate, without incision or invagination). Ovipositor with baculae present; coxites heavily sclerotized. Bursa copulatrix without sclerotized spermathecae; with paired distal and spine-bearing proximal sclerites, proximal sclerites ovoid with emarginate base to elongate and parallel-sided; distal sclerites claw-like and not fused, gradually narrowed to pointed apex; spermathecal gland duct with row of diverticulae in some, base not sclerotized inside bursa ( Douglas 2017); anterior end of bursa with a single pedunculate sac.