Ipomoea imperati (Vahl) Griseb.

Wood, John R. I., Munoz-Rodriguez, Pablo, Williams, Bethany R. M. & Scotland, Robert W., 2020, A foundation monograph of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the New World, PhytoKeys 143, pp. 1-823 : 1

388. Ipomoea imperati (Vahl) Griseb. , Cat. Pl. Cub. 203 (1866). (Grisebach 1866: 203)

Convolvulus imperati Vahl, Symb , Bot. 1: 17 (1790). Type. ITALY. Unnumbered illustration by Imperati cited as " Convolvulus marino" in Imperato, Hist. Nat. 671 (1672), lectotype, designated by La Valva and Sábato (1983: 114).

Convolvulus littoralis L., Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 924. 1759. Type. Icon in Plumier, Pl. Amer. 79, t. 90. F. 2, (1756), lectotype designated by Austin (1975b: 199).

Batatas littoralis (L.) Choisy, Mém. Soc. Phys., Genève 6: 46 [124]. 1838. (Choisy 1838: 46 [124]).

Ipomoea littoralis (L.) Boiss. Fl. Orient. 4: 112.1875 (Boissier 1875: 112), nom. illeg., non Ipomoea littoralis Blume 1826 .

Convolvulus sinuatus Petagna , Inst. Bot. 2: 352. 1787. (Petagna 1787: 352), non Ipomoea sinuata Ortega (1798) . Type. ITALY. Portici, Herb. Petagna (lectotype designated by La Valva and Sábato 1983).

Convolvulus stolonifer Cirillo , Pl. Rar. Neap. 1: 14. 1788. (Cirillo 1788: 14), nom. illeg. superfl. Type. Based on Convolvulus sinuatus Petagna.

Ipomoea stolonifera (Cirillo) J.F. Gmel., Syst. Nat. , ed. 3, 2: 345. 1791. (Gmelin 1791: 345).

Convolvulus arenarius Vahl , Symb. Bot. 1: 18. 1790. (Vahl 1790: 18). Type. AZORES. No collector named. (whereabouts uncertain).

Ipomoea arenaria (Vahl) Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 4: 247. 1819. (Roemer and Schultes 1819: 247).

Convolvulus acetosifolius Vahl , Ecl 1: 18. 1798. (Vahl 1798: 18). Type. Central America, (lectotype Plumier 1693: t. 105, designated here).

Ipomoea acetosifolia (Vahl) Roem. & Schult. , Syst. Veg. 4: 246. 1819. (Roemer and Schultes 1819: 246).

Batatas acetosifolia (Vahl) Choisy , Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 8 (1): 46 [124]. 1838. (Choisy 1838: 46 [124]).

Ipomoea deppeana G. Don , Gen. Hist. 4: 276. 1838. (Don 1838: 276). Type. Based on Convolvulus sinuatus Petagna

Ipomoea carnosa R.Br., Prodr. 485.1810. (Brown, R 1810: 485). Type. AUSTRALIA. Carpentaria Island, R. Brown 2749 (holotype BM000630205).

Ipomoea acetosifolia var. longifolia Glaz. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 57, mém. 3e: 483. 1910. Glaziou 1910: 483). Type. BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro, A.F.M. Glaziou 9977 (holotype P03866537).

Ipomoea denticulata auct., sensu Choisy (1845) .

Type.

Based on Convolvulus imperati Vahl

Description.

Perennial herb; stems trailing, rooting at the nodes, glabrous, up to 5 m long. Leaves petiolate, slightly succulent, 1.5-3 × 0.8-2 cm, rather small and variable, linear, lanceolate or characteristically shortly oblong ( ± rectangular) or 3-5-lobed with the terminal larger than the laterals, apex obtuse or retuse, base truncate or very shallowly cordate, margin entire, undulate; petioles 0.5-4.5 cm. Flowers solitary (rarely 2-3), axillary, pedunculate; peduncles 0.5-2.5 cm; bracteoles 2 mm, lanceolate, acuminate, caducous; pedicels 8-15 mm, thickened upwards; sepals unequal, glabrous, oblong-oblanceolate, acute or obtuse, outer 7-12 mm, mucronate with mucro bent outwards, inner sepals 12-15 mm, pale and somewhat scarious; Corolla 3.5-4 cm long, funnel-shaped, white with a yellowish tube, glabrous, limb unlobed. Capsules subglobose, 10-12 mm, glabrous; seeds 7-8 × 4 mm, tomentose with longer hairs on margins.

Illustration.

Acevedo-Rodríguez (2005: 170); Figure 161C .

Distribution.

Pantropical on sand by the sea but rather scattered in occurrence. In the Americas on the Pacific coast from Ecuador and the Galapagos north to Mexico (Baja California and Sonora), thus avoiding the relatively cool Peruvian coast; on the Atlantic coast from Rio Grande do Sul north to Georgia in the United States and the Bahamas; also in the Caribbean but not recorded from most smaller islands.

BRAZIL. Alagoas: S. Tsugaru et al. B1465 (NY). Bahia: J.S. Blanchet 1419 (BM, P); R.M. Harley et al. 17139 (K, NY). Espirito Santo: P.R. Bamps 5049 (NY). Maranhão: G. Gardner 6072 (BM, K). Pará: R. Spruce 138 (K, P). Paraíba: M.F. Agra 1522 (K). Paraná: G. Hatschbach 14386 (K); P. Dusen 13607 (S). Pernambuco: A. Cassio Sevilha et al. 2486 (CEN). Rio de Janeiro: B.M. J. Lutz 1367 (K, NY, R); G. Gardner 5557 (BM); Miers 3692 (K). Rio Grande do Norte: M. Martins 370 (VIES). Rio Grande do Sul: P.P.A. Ferreira 219 (ICN). Santa Catarina: R. Pozner 163 (SI). Sergipe: Pirambu, M. Ramos & E. Santos 21 (ASE).

FRENCH GUIANA. P. Sagot 806 (BM, K); von Rohr s.n. (BM, C); C. Sastre 1319 (P); T. Deroin 137 (P).

SURINAM. Fide Ooststroom (1932: 95).

GUYANA. S.A. Harris EC25 (K).

ECUADOR. Galapagos: H. Van der Werff 2317 (K, NY, S). Esmeraldas: J.L. Clarke 1721 (MO). Manabí: H.F.A. von Eggers 15090 (K, P, US).

COLOMBIA. Atlántico: G. Dugand 4828 (COL). Antioquia: C. Feddema 2000 (NY). Chocó: A. Gentry & Juncosa 40942 (COL, MO). Magdalena: H.H. Smith 2669 (K, MO, P, S). Nariño: J.M. Idrobo 1428 (COL).

VENEZUELA. Delta Amacuro: J. Steyermark 114924 (MO). Falcón: J. Steyermark et al. 111134 (MO). Miranda: L. Aristiguieta 4149 (MO).

PANAMA. Chagres, A. Fendler 240 (K, MO); Canal area, W.G. D’Arcy 249 (MO); ibid., A. Gentry 4851 (F).

COSTA RICA. Limón, B. Hammel et al. 19670 (MO).

NICARAGUA. Río San Juan, E.B. Nelson 5279 (F, GU, MO).

HONDURAS. Roatán, C.H. Nelson & E. Romero 4515 (MO).

BELIZE. W.A. Schipp 497 (NY, S); D.R. Stoddart 436 (P).

GUATEMALA. J. Steyermark 39843 (F).

MEXICO. Baja California Sur: J.J. Pérez 71 (HCIB); M. Domínguez 646 (IEB). Campeche: E.F. & H. Cabrera 13405 (MEXU, MO). Guerrero: L. Lozada 4472 (IEB). Jalisco: E.J. Lott 2554 (MO). Quintana Roo: E.F. & H. Cabrera 4338 (MO). Sinaloa: T.R. Van Devender et al. 2007-1318 (ARIZ). Sonora: S.F. Friedman 37-96 (ASU). Tabasco: M.A. Magaña 479 (MO, XAL). Tamaulipas: C.G. Pringle 6358 (MO, P, S). Veracruz: L.I. Nevling & A. Gómez-Pompa 2452 (F).

UNITED STATES. Alabama: S.M. Tracy 6492 (BM). Florida: F. Rugel 311; A.H. Curtiss 2156 (BM, K). Georgia: H. Holland 228 (GA). Louisiana: S.M. Tracy 122 (BM). Mississippi: D. Demaree 33535 (S). Texas: G. Gust & J.R. Stone 320 (MO).

BAHAMAS. P. Wilson 7279 (K, NY), 7541 (K, NY); D.C. Correll 46286 (NY).

CUBA. J. Acuña (HAJB10676); J. Bisse et al. (HAJB48561); C. Wright 3090 (BM, K, MO, S); E.L. Ekman 104 (NY, S).

CAYMAN ISLANDS. D.R. Stoddart 7034 (BM).

JAMAICA. G.R. Proctor 21393 (BM).

HAITI. E.L. Ekman H5179 (K, NY, S).

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. E.L. Ekman H12226 (S); A.H. Liogier 12313 (NY).

PUERTO RICO. R.J. Wagner 1778 (BM); P. Sintenis 976 (BM, K, P, S); J.A. Shafer 2399 (NY).

LESSER ANTILLES. St Lucia: R.A. Howard et al. 19987 (A, BM, NY). Guadeloupe: A. Duss 3966 (NY). Martinique: fide Powell (1979). St Vincent: fide Powell (1979).

TRINIDAD. W.E. Broadway 8013(BM, MO), 9120 (BM, K, MO). Tobago: H.F.A. von Eggers 5900 (K, P).

HAWAII. Faurie 1034 (BM).

Note.

A very distinctive species because of its habitat (maritime sands), whitish corolla and unusual, although very variable, small leaves.

••• Clade E (species 389-392; Figure 1 ) consists of the following four species, of which only one is certainly of New World origin ( I. habeliana ). All other species in the clade are either African or of uncertain origin suggesting the clade is essentially African with I. habeliana having evolved from I. violacea in the Galapagos Islands.

Figures

Figure 1. Cladogram showing the principal clades into which Ipomoea can be divided, the two main clades indicated as OWC (Old World Clade) and NWC (New World Clade). The placement of traditionally recognised genera and groups is shown in the corresponding clade.

Figure 161. Photographs of Ipomoea species. A I. sagittata B I. fimbriosepala C I. imperati D I. pes-caprae. A Alamy Ltd. B John Wood C Alamy Ltd. D http: // plantworld 2. blogspot. com.