Oreocerura Kiriakoff, 1963

St Laurent, Ryan A., Goldstein, Paul Z., Miller, James S., Markee, Amanda, Staude, Hermann S., Kawahara, Akito Y., Miller, Scott E. & Robbins, Robert K., 2023, Phylogenetic systematics, diversification, and biogeography of Cerurinae (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) and a description of a new genus, Insect Systematics and Diversity 7 (2), pp. 1-25 : 6-7

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.1093/isd/ixad004
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E247440E-C815-3604-FCF0-FB8A01BAFA50
treatment provided by	Felipe
scientific name	Oreocerura Kiriakoff, 1963
status

Treatment

Monophyly of Cerurinae View in CoL View at ENA

All phylogenetic analyses support monophyly of Cerurinae (notwithstanding the erroneous assignment of some American cerurine taxa to Tecmessa Burmeister, 1878 ; see below). Although family-wide systematics are not addressed pending ongoing sequencing efforts, we provide a basic subfamilial backbone of Notodontidae to determine the monophyly of Cerurinae and to improve the accuracy of divergence time calibration. The summary of the current backbone phylogeny of Notodontidae , including the placement of Cerurinae , based on our ML results is shown in Fig. 4 View Fig . Figs. S1–4 View Fig View Fig View Fig View Fig show Notodontidae relationships from a variety of phylogenetic inference methods.

Based on our phylogenetic results, Cerurinae are not nested within Notodontinae , but are sister to two genera usually associated with Dicranurinae: Shachia Matsumara and Liparopsis Hampson ( Schintlmeister 2020) . Harpyia Ochsenheimer , another genus often assigned to Dicranurinae, is then sister to ([ Liparopsis , Shachia, Cerurinae ]). Because we include the type genera (using type species of those genera) of Cerurinae (Cerura) and Notodontinae ( Notodonta Ochsenheimer ), the separation of the two subfamilies is unequivocal, rejecting the arrangement of Notodontinae with tribe Dicranurini containing cerurine genera, as in Kobayashi and Nonaka (2016). Based on results presented here, Dicranurinae as it is currently understood is polyphyletic. Ongoing phylogenomic research including all subfamilies of Notodontidae and Dicranura Reichenbach (type genus of Dicranurinae) indicates that the true concept of Dicranurinae excludes all genera currently assigned to that subfamily except Dicranura due to the placement of that genus sister to nearly all other Notodontidae subfamilies (St Laurent et al.

in prep.). Future work will establish new subfamily or tribal level taxa for the clades including Harpyia , Shachia , and Liparopsis .

The same relationship of Cerurinae to the aforementioned Dicranurinae s.l. genera is also recovered with the parsimony analysis in MPBoot ( Fig. S4 View Fig ). And while our ASTRAL analysis recovers a nearly identical topology for the ingroup (the placement of the clade containing Oreocerura Kiriakoff, 1963 , stat. rev. + Cerurella Kiriakoff, 1962 shifts, however) with robust bootstrap support for its monophyly ( Fig. S3 View Fig ), the relationship of Cerurinae to Shachia and Liparopsis is much less well-supported (ASV = 0.59 for [ Cerurinae , Shachia ]).

An important issue highlighted by our results is that the genus Tecmessa , which was assigned to Cerurinae by Schintlmeister (2013) and retained there by Becker (2014) and Miller et al. (2018), is polyphyletic, with representatives appearing in both Cerurinae and Heterocampinae in all phylogenetic analyses ( Figs. S1–4 View Fig View Fig View Fig View Fig ). Importantly, the type species of Tecmessa , T. annulipes ( Berg, 1878) , does not fall within Cerurinae , but within Heterocampinae , and displays at least one apomorphy (albeit in a reduced form) of that subfamily: a tuft of elongated scales that extend below the head, termed a ‘beard tuft’ by Miller et al. (2018). Therefore, a new genus is proposed below to remedy the issue of polyphyly of Tecmessa and, by extension, Cerurinae .

In summary, the recognized genera of Cerurinae are (in order displayed in Fig. 2 View Fig ): Pararethona Janse, 1920 ( Figs. 1A View Fig , 2A View Fig , 5A View Fig , 6A View Fig , 7A View Fig ), Pseudorethona Janse, 1920 ( Figs. 1A View Fig , 2B View Fig , 5B View Fig , 6B View Fig , 7B View Fig ), Oreocerura stat. rev. ( Figs. 2D View Fig , 5C View Fig , 6D View Fig , 7D View Fig ), Cerurella ( Figs. 2C View Fig , 5D View Fig , 6C View Fig , 7C View Fig ), Notocerura Kiriakoff, 1963 ( Figs. 1B View Fig , 2E View Fig , 5E View Fig , 6E View Fig , 7E View Fig ), Hampsonita Kiriakoff, 1963 ( Figs. 1C View Fig , 2F View Fig , 5G View Fig , 6F View Fig , 7F View Fig ), Cerurina ( Figs. 1D View Fig , 2G View Fig , 5H View Fig , 6I View Fig , 7G View Fig ), Afrocerura Kiriakoff, 1963 ( Figs. 2H View Fig , 5J View Fig , 6J View Fig , 7H View Fig ), Neoharpyia Daniel, 1965 ( Figs. 2I View Fig , 5I View Fig , 6G View Fig , 7I View Fig ), Furcula ( Figs. 1E View Fig , 2J View Fig , 5F View Fig , 6H View Fig , 7J View Fig ), Neocerura Matsumura, 1929 ( Figs. 1F View Fig , 2K View Fig , 5K View Fig , 6K View Fig , 7K View Fig ), Americerura gen. nov. ( Figs. 1G View Fig , 2L View Fig , 5M View Fig , 6N View Fig , 7L View Fig , 11–14 View Fig View Fig View Fig View Fig ), Kamalia ( Figs. 1I View Fig , 2M View Fig , 5L View Fig , 6L View Fig , 7M View Fig ), and Cerura ( Figs. 1H View Fig , 2N View Fig , 5N View Fig , 6M View Fig , 7N View Fig ). The monophyly of each of these 14 genera is robustly supported with bootstrap values across all analyses ( Fig. 2 View Fig , Figs. S1–4 View Fig View Fig View Fig View Fig ).

For discussion purposes we refer to the clade containing African genera Notocerura , Hampsonita , Afrocerura , and Cerurina as ‘Clade A,’ which is sister to ‘Clade B’: Furcula , Neoharpyia and ‘Clade C’: Neocerura , Americerura gen. nov., Cerura , and Kamalia . These clades are denoted in Fig. 2 View Fig .

In general, species-level taxonomy of Cerurinae has been wellstudied except for the faunas of the Tropical Americas and parts of Africa. Ongoing taxonomic revisionary efforts, including among African genera, are the focus of other studies (Mulvaney et al. unpubl. data; Schintlmeister pers. comm.). Males of each genus of Cerurinae are shown in Fig. 5 View Fig and their terminalia in Figs. 6 View Fig and 7 View Fig .