Diastolinus perforatus ( Schönherr, 1806 ), St. Barthel.

Hart, Charles J. & Ivie, Michael A., 2016, A Revision of the Genus Diastolinus Mulsant and Rey (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), The Coleopterists Bulletin 70 (3), pp. 485-540 : 485-540

Diastolinus perforatus ( Schönherr, 1806)

( Figs. 24–29 , 106 )

Opat. perforatum Schönherr 1806: 146 (as a synonym of Blaps punctata Fabricius, 1792 ).

Type locality: St. Barthélemy, NHRS, name validated by Sahlberg 1823, see below .

Opatrinum perforatum ; Dejean 1821: 66 (nomen nudum); Sahlberg 1823: 15.

Diastolinus perforatus ; Mulsant and Rey 1859: 77, 1860: 141 (in part, St. Barthélemy records only); Leng and Mutchler 1914: 460 (in part, St. Barthélemy records only); Gebien 1938: 294 [413] (in part, St. Barthélemy records only); Blackwelder 1945: 524 (in part, St. Barthélemy records only); Marcuzzi 1957:128 (in part, Anguilla, St. Martin, St. Barthélemy records only), 1962: 27 (in part, Anguilla, St. Martin, Île de la Fourche, St. Barthélemy records only), 1977: 19 (in part, St. Martin, Tintamarre, Île de la Fourche, St. Barthélemy, Anguilla records only), 1983: 246 (male genitalia, St. Martin), 1984: 78 (in part St. Martin, Île de la Fourche, St. Barthélemy, Anguilla records only), 1998: 154; 2001: 249 (in part, Anguilla, St. Martin, Île de la Fourche, St. Barthélemy, records only); Marcuzzi and D’ Aguilar 1971: 80 (in part, St. Martin, Île de la Fourche, St. Barthélemy, Anguilla records only); Iwan 2004: 740, figs. 189–190, 200–205; Peck 2011a: 33 (in part, Anguilla, St. Barthélemy, Île de la Fourche, Tintamarre, St. Martin records only), 2011b: 29 (in part, Anguilla, St. Barthélemy, Île de la Fourche, Tintamarre, St. Martin records only), 2016: 160 (in part, Anguilla, St. Barthélemy, Île de la Fourche, St. Martin, Tintamarre records only); Peck et al. 2014: 84 (in part, Anguilla, St. Barthélemy, Île de la Fourche, Tintamarre, St. Martin records only); Soldati and Touroult 2014: 99 (in part, Anguilla, St. Barthélemy, Île de la Fourche, St. Martin, Tintamarre records only).

Diastolinus (Diastolinus) perforatus ; Marcuzzi 1986: 179.

Diastolinus puncticollis ; Marcuzzi 1957: 128 (in part, Anguilla record only), 1962: 26 (in part, Anguilla record only), 1977: 22 (in part, Anguilla records only), 1984: 78 (in part, Anguilla records only); Peck 2011a: 33 (in part, Anguilla records only), 2016: 160 (in part, Anguilla records only); Peck et al. 2014: 84 (in part, Anguilla records only).

Diastolinus clathratus ; Marcuzzi 1957: 128 (in part, St. Martin records only), 1962: 27 (in part, St. Martin records only), 1977: 13 (in part, St. Martin records only), 1984: 77 (in part St. Martin records only), 2001: 250 (in part, St. Martin records only); Marcuzzi and D’ Aguilar 1971: 80 (in part, St. Martin records only); Soldati and Touroult 2014: 99 (in part, St. Martin records only).

Diastolinus clavatus ; Marcuzzi 1977: 13 (in part, St. Martin, St. Barthélemy records only), 1987: 95 (female genitalia, St. Martin); Peck 2011a: 33 (in part, St. Barthélemy, St. Martin records only), 2016: 159 (in part, St. Barthélemy, St. Martin records only).

Disatolinus sallei ; Marcuzzi 1983: 246 (male genitalia, Anguilla), 1984: 78 (in part Anguilla records only); Peck 2011a: 33 (in part, Anguilla records only), 2016: 160 (in part, Anguilla? records only); Peck et al. 2014: 84 (in part, Anguilla records only); Soldati and Touroult 2014: 99 (in part, Anguilla? records only).

Diastolinus mulsanti ; Marcuzzi 2001: 251 (in part, St. Martin records only); Soldati and Touroult 2014: 99 (in part, St. Martin records only).

Type Material. Holotype not examined ( NHRS).

Other Material Examined. See Appendix 1.

Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished by the combination of the base of the pronotum subequal to the width across the humeri, matte dorsal surface, dorsal surface almost entirely lacking setae, abdominal ventrites 2 and 3 often without a row of distinct heavy punctures at the anterior edge of the ventrite, instead with at most one or two shallow punctures near the lateral edge of the ventrite, legs relatively robust, expanded metatarsus expanded, not gracile, and aedeagus terminating in parameres that have a straight apical margin.

Redescription. Male. Length 6.9–8.8 mm, width 3.0– 3.9 mm. Body ( Fig. 24 ) black, except antennae typically pitchy red, last 3 antennomeres mostly testaceous; surface matte; ovate-oblong; widest at middle, convex; body almost entirely lacking setae.

Head ( Fig. 25 ) with epistoma evenly convex; punctures less than diameter of ommatidium, covering dorsal surface, separated by 2–3X puncture diameters basally and spaced less than 1X puncture diameter on the anterior margin. Labrum shallowly punctate, punctures less dense than on clypeus. Antenna clavate. Dorsal and ventral portions of eye roughly equal in size and shape. Gular horns short, not prominent.

Pronotum ( Fig. 24 ) widest just anterior of midpoint; apical margin evenly, broadly emarginate; apical corners rounded, lateral margin widened from apex in anterior 3/8, then sides gradually narrowed to base; basal width subequal to width across humeri; basal margin bisinuate; dorsal surface broadly, evenly convex; all margins narrowly beaded, except obsolete at middle of anterior margin; minutely punctate, puncture diameter 1/2 that of punctures on head, spaced 3–5X diameters of punctures on pronotal disc. Hypomeron feebly rugulose, almost impunctate. Prosternal process tongue-like, shallowly punctate, rarely with pale, semi-erect setae 2X longer than puncture diameter.

Scutellum ( Fig. 24 ) small, triangular, about 2X wider than long. Elytron gradually broadening from base to widest point opposite abdominal ventrite 1, then evenly arcuate to apices; striae heavily impressed; strial punctures deep, not confluent; intervals convex, punctation minute, even. Stria 7 ending in lateral stria slightly posterior to humeral angle.

Mesoventrite shallowly punctate. Metaventrite short, punctate on anterior border behind mesocoxae.

Leg ( Fig. 27 ) surfaces finely punctate. Profemur expanded. Protibia narrow, expanding gradually in distal 3/4; dorsolateral margin slightly arcuate; posteroventral surface with stout spines in apical 2/3; apex obliquely truncate, ringed by stout spines. Pro- and metatarsi with tarsomeres 1– 3 expanded, ventrally with golden, densely setose pads, tarsomere 2 widest, more than 1.5X width of tarsomere 4. Mesotarsus with tarsomeres 1– 3 weakly expanded, ventrally with densely setose pads. Metatarsus somewhat expanded, about 2/3 as long as metatibia, without setose pads; 1 st tarsomere 1.5X length of 2 nd.

Abdominal ventrites ( Fig. 28 ) minutely, sparsely punctate; ventrites 1–2 slightly concave medially; anterior border of ventrite 1, just behind hind coxae, with row of heavy punctures; ventrites 2–3 often lacking row of distinct heavy punctures at anterior border of ventrite, typically at most 1–2 shallow punctures laterally or shallow punctures laterally, not apparent mesally, weak longitudinal strioles sometimes follow; ventrite 5 flattened medially, finely punctate, posterior margin evenly rounded. Aedeagus ( Figs. 26, 29 ) with basal piece and parameres strongly arched, about 1/3 elytral length; parameres widened slightly from base, slightly rounded just before apex, then cut off suddenly by straight apical margin; parameres with almost straight lateral margin, not undulate, with slightly upturned tips in lateral view.

Female. Length 7.0–9.0 mm, width 3.1– 4.1 mm. Similar to male except body more robust and convex than male. Pro- and mesotarsi not expanded. Abdominal ventrites 1–3 convex; ventrite 5 slightly convex.

Biology. Adults have been recorded from under rotten loblolly logs (water mampoo, Pisonia subcordata Sw. , Nyctaginaceae ), in rain wrack at the base of loblolly, and on dunes behind beaches. Specimens have been found at elevations ranging 0–61 m above sea level.

Distribution. Sombrero* (ANG, WIBF), Anguilla, Prickly Pear Cay* (ANG, NMNH), St. Martin, Tintamarre (STM), St. Barthélemy, Île de la Fourche (STB) ( Fig. 106 ).

Discussion. The early history of this name is significantly confused. The earliest use seems to have been by Schönherr (1806) who used “ Opat. perforatum ” as a nomen nudum attributed to Gyllenhal placed in synonymy with Fabricius’ (1792) valid name Blaps punctata (and subsequent uses of punctata by Herbst and Panzer). Next usage was Dejean (1821) who treated it as the valid name perforatum from “Am. Ins.” in a list of Opatrum and also attributed the species epithet to Gyllenhal. “Valid” here means that Dejean considered it a valid species, not that the name was made available, as there was no description.

Two years later, Sahlberg (1823) first applied a description to the name Opatrum perforatum , also attributing it to Gyllenhal. He also treated the name as valid. This description is the first to associate the name with St. Barthélemy in print and tie the name to a specimen, probably using the same specimens first labeled by Gyllenhal, as both worked out of the Stockholm museum. This type is in the Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, according to their list of species held (www2.nrm.se/en/col_p.html).

Next, Muslant and Rey (1859) moved the name to Diastolinus and continued to cite Gyllenhal as the author, dating it to Schönherr (1806), also treating it as a valid species rather than a synonym of B. punctata , stating “(en exclusant les syn. de Fabr,. Herbst et Panzer).”

We have nothing after this until Leng and Mutchler (1914) who cite Sahlberg as the author. Enter Gebien (1938) who cataloged the world Tenebrionidae . He used Sahlberg (1823) as the author, as did Blackwelder (1945), and everything thereafter.

Under ICZN (1999) Art. 11.6, Schönherr’ s (1806) use as a synonym does not make the name perforatum available. However, under Art. 11.6.1, if the name is subsequently used as an available name, it would become available as Opatrum perforatum Schönherr, 1806 . Under Art. 72.4.3. “The type series of a nominal species-group taxon of which the name was first published as a junior synonym, but was made available before 1961 under the provisions of Article 11.6, consists of the specimen (or specimens) cited with that name in the published synonymy, or, if none was cited there, denoted by that name when it was adopted as the name of a taxon.” Schönherr referenced no specimen, so the type designation moves to Sahlberg. Thus, the type of Opatrum perforatum Schönherr, 1806 is the specimen Sahlberg (1823) cited, which is Gyllenhal’ s specimen from St. Barthélemy in Stockholm.

The history of this species after this early period is no less confused. Perhaps no species better represents the mess left behind by Marcuzzi than this one. As can be seen in the synonymical tables in this paper and Ivie and Hart (2016), Marcuzzi used this name apparently at random for any specimen he had at hand. The fact that the species is a single-bank endemic is totally contrary to the use of the name in the last 50 years.

Diastolinus perforatus (Schönherr)

St. Barthel./ v. Goës. (5 NHMB). St. Bartolom ./ 1657 (1 BMNH). St. Bartho;lomy; Billberg; Perforatus; Sahlb (1 ZMUC). Schönh.; Ins. Bartho ; lomei/ Perforatus; Gyll. (1 NHMB). Opatrinus ; laevicollis; Sol. Martin/ 71.6 (1 BMNH). SINT MAARTIN, NA; Pto. Blande; 19JAN 2004; M.A. & L.L. Ivie; under rocks (2 WIBF). SAINT MARTIN; Marigot; 25FEB1965; H. Heatwole &; F. McKenzie (1 WIBF). 458a ST. MARTIN, Point Blanche; W, 29.VII.1967 / Brit. Mus.; 1973-207/ Diastolinus ; perforatus ; det. G. Marcuzzi 1971/ Agrees with photo in; Marcuzzi 1962 PlateI; M.J.D.Brendell 1976 (1 BMNH). WEST INDIES: St.; Maartin, Mullet; Bay, 19 Mar. 1986; R.S. Miller colr. (4 WIBF, 3 OSUC). WEST INDIES: St.; Maartin, Mullet; Bay, 18 Mar. 1986; R.S. Miller colr.; along beach (2 WIBF). St. Martin, N of; Cupecoy Bay; 40–45m, 26.6.73 (1 HNHM). Saint Maartin, B.W.I.; Old Fort Hill 400’; 12-IV-58; J.F.G. Clarke, collr. (2 NMNH). SOMBRERO, WI; 18°35.17′N, 63°25.63′W; 12–13 NOV 1999; M.A. Ivie & J.B. Runyon (3 WIBF). WEST INDIES: Sombrero; 18°35.171′N; 63°25.631′W, 13m; 08– 12 NOV 1999; M.A. Ivie & J.B. Runyon (1 WIBF). ANGUILLA:South Hill; 18° 11′ 50″N; 63° 05′20″W; 25 March 1992; collrs. W.E. Steiner; & J.M. Swearingen (2 NMNH). ANGUILLA: Brimegin; 18° 14′ 50″N; 63° 03′ 00″W; 24 March 1992; collrs. W.E. Steiner; & J.M. Swearingen (2 NMNH). ANGUILLA:The Valley; 18°13′00″N; 63° 03′20″W; 26 March 1992; collrs. W.E. Steiner; & J.M. Swearingen (2 NMNH). ANGUILLA: The Valley; 18° 13′ 00″N; 63° 03′ 20″W; 25 March 1992; collrs. W.E. Steiner; & J.M. Swearingen (7 NMNH). ANGUILLA; Rendezvous Bay; 18° 10′ 50″N; 63° 06′ 40″W; 27 March 1992; collrs. W.E. Steiner; & J.M. Swearingen (3 NMNH). ANGUILLA; Lower Shoal Bay; 18° 15′ 40″N; 63° 01′ 40″W; 28 March 1992; collrs. W.E. Steiner; & J.M. Swearingen (3 NMNH). ANGUILLA: Forest Bay; 18° 12′ 00″N; 63° 02′ 30″W; 29 March 1992; collrs. W.E. Steiner; & J.M. Swearingen (4 NMNH). ANGUILLA: Shannon Hill; 18° 12′ 30″N; 63° 05′ 30″W; 26 March 1992; collrs. W.E. Steiner; & J.M. Swearingen (12 NMNH). ANGUILLA: Sandy Ground; 18° 12′ 20″N; 63° 05′ 30″W; 24 March 1992; collrs. W.E. Steiner; & J.M. Swearingen (12 NMNH). ANGUILLA: Sandy Ground; 18° 12′ 20″N; 63° 05′ 30″W; 27 March 1992; collrs. W.E. Steiner; & J.M. Swearingen (4 NMNH). ANGUILLA: Sandy Ground; 18° 12′ 20″N; 63° 05′ 30″W; 29 March 1992; collrs. W.E. Steiner; & J.M. Swearingen/ Flight Intercept-; yellow pan trap; in Malaise Trap in Acacia; scrub, hillside above, salt pond (1 NMNH). ANGUILLA: Crocus Bay; 18° 13′ 10″N; 63° 04′ 00″W; 24 March 1992; collrs. W.E. Steiner; & J.M. Swearingen (13 NMNH). ANGUILLA: Rey Hill; 18° 12′ 20″N; 63° 03′ 00″W; 30 March 1992; collrs. W.E. Steiner; & J.M. Swearingen (5 NMNH). ANGUILLA: Prickly Pear; Cay (East), north sided; 18° 16′ 10″N; 63° 10′ 30″W; 30 March 1992; collrs. W.E. Steiner; & J.M. Swearingen (1 NMNH). ANGUILLA: Mead’ s Bay; 1 8°10.904′N, 63°08.186′W; 14MAY2004, M.A.Ivie; dunes behind beach (36 WIBF). ANGUILLA: Mead’ s Bay; dune behind beach, 10′; 18°10.904′N, 63°08.186′W; 17MAY2004, M.A.Ivie; in/under rot.loblolly (24 WIBF). ANGUILLA: East End; nr. Captain’ s Bay. 20′; Windward Pt. Dr.; 18°15.696′N, 62°58.798′W; 15MAY2004, M.A.Ivie (5 WIBF). ANGUILLA: West End; 15MAY2004; M.A.Ivie; at lighted sign (1 WIBF). ANGUILLA: Mango Garden Rd; 18°13.893′N, 63°00.933′W; 15MAY2004, 11ft; rain wrack at base of; loblolly, M.A.Ivie (3 WIBF). ANGUILLA: Low Ground; Black Garden Rd. 54′; 18°13.795′N, 63°03.959′W; 16MAY2004, M.A. Ivie; in/under rot. Loblolly (12 WIBF). ANGUILLA: Low Ground; Black Garden Rd. 54′; 18°13.795′N, 63°03.959′W; 17MAY2004, M.A.Ivie; in/under rot. Loblolly (19 WIBF). ANGUILLA; 18°12.394′N, 63°03.969′W; Old Ta to Sandy Ground; 16–20 NOV 1999, 0–200ft; M.A.Ivie & J.B. Runyon (4 WIBF). ANGUILLA: Sandy Ground; to N.Shannon Hill; and road to Salt Pond; 08 NOV 1999, 0–200FT; M.A.Ivie & J.B. Runyon (17 WIBF). ANGUILLA, B.W.I.; nr. Captain’ s Beach; 01FEB1987; J.L. Johnson colr. (10 WIBF). ANGUILLA, B.W.I.; Old Ta; 20NOV1999; M.A.Ivie colr. (1 WIBF). ANGUILLA, Forest Point; 18-VI-1949, leg. Wage-; narr Hummelinck/ Diastolinus ; perforatus Sahl. ; det. Marcuzzi (1 HNHM). Anguilla; Marcuzzi/ 41/ Diastolinus ; sallei Muls. & Rey ; det. Marcuzzi (1 HNHM).

Figures

Figs. 24–29. Diastolinus perforatus. 24) Dorsal habitus; 25) Head; 26) Aedeagus, dorsal view; 27) Lateral habitus; 28) Abdominal ventrites; 29) Aedeagus, lateral view. Figs. 24–26 and 28–29 of Anguilla specimen, Fig. 27 of St. Barthélemy specimen.

Fig. 106. Map of the distributions of Diastolinus species in the Lesser Antilles.