Saguinus labiatus (E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812)
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https://doi.org/ 10.5281/zenodo.5730714 |
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https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5730876 |
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https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DF668780-FFC8-FFDB-FA36-F98D6B97EC32 |
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Conny |
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Saguinus labiatus |
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Red-bellied Tamarin
French: Tamarin labié / German: Rotbauchtamarin / Spanish: Tamarin de pecho rojo Other common names: Geoffroy's Red-bellied Tamarin, Red-chested Mustached Tamarin, White-lipped Tamarin; Gray's Red-bellied Tamarin (rufiventer), Thomas's Mustached / Thomas's Red-bellied Tamarin (thomasi)
Taxonomy. Midas labiatus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812 ,
Brazil. Restricted by A. Cabrera in 1957 to Lago do Joanacan (= Janauaca), Amazonas State.
A. Humboldt is often credited in various ways with the name of this species, but E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire is the rightful authority. Humboldt in 1812 (dated 1811 but actually published a year later) credited Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire for his 1812 publication in Tome 19 of Annales du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, where this species’ name first appeared. Humboldt’s nomenclatural act was a “name combination” in which he combined the name given by Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire with the genus Simia. The type locality of S. labiatus is within the distribution of rufiventer , considered by A. Cabrera to be ajunior synonym. In contrast, J. E. Gray, author of Jacchus rufiventer , indicated a type locality of “ Mexico,” which is not helpful. The Lago Janauaca could be the designated type locality of the subspecies rufiventer , with the suggestion of P. Hershkovitz in 1977 that the type locality of the subspecies labiatus is “somewhere between the rios Purus and Madeira south of the Rio Ipixuna, in the region of griseovertex named by Goeldi in 1907.” The type locality of thomast is the Rio Tonantins. Three subspecies recognized.
Subspecies and Distribution. S. I. labiatusE. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812 — W Brazil, SE Peru, and N Bolivia, between the Rio Purus and Rio Madeira-Abuna system, S of the Rio Ipixuna, crossing the headwaters of the Rio Abuna in Bolivia, and S to the Rio Tahuamanu in N Bolivia, extending into SE Peru, but not W of the headwaters of the Rio Purus. S. L rufiventer Gray, 1843 — W Brazil (Amazonas State), between the rios Madeira and Purus, S from the Rio Solimoes to the Rio Ipixuna. S. I. thomasi Goeldi, 1907 — NW Brazil (Amazonas State), between the rios Japura and Solimoes, from the Auati-Parana to the Rio Tonantins. View Figure
Descriptive notes. Head-body 21-28 cm, tail 30-38 cm; weight 400-510 g. The Redbellied Tamarin is generally blackish, typified by its striking reddish or orange underside, with a paler wash to the hindparts. The nape and mantle are agouti, and the tail has red or orange on the ventral surface of the base. There is a whitish crown spot, sometimes with a red mark, and facial skin is black with a white moustache that outlines the upper lip. The nominate subspecies labiatus is mainly black with white marbling on the hindparts, with a red underside (except for the throat) and basal part of the ventral surface of the tail. The “Gray’s Red-bellied Tamarin” (S. L. rufiventer ) is similar to the subspecies labiatus , but with a red, Y-shaped mark on the front of the crown and a slight silvery patch behind. In northerly populations, this red crown mark is well expressed, whereas to the south, it is barely distinguishable but has a sharply marked white spot behind. In the “Thomas’s Red-bellied Tamarin” (S. I. thomas), the throat and the upper chest are black, with the rest of the underside, including the basal part of the ventral surface of the tail, orange. The crown is black, with either a poorly developed reddish midline in front or none at all and a small pale silvery spot behind.
Habitat. Primary and secondary evergreen and semi-deciduous forest. Red-bellied Tamarins typically use the middle layers of the canopy in tall forest with sparse understories (“monte alto”), tall forest without a closed canopy and dense understories (“monte bajo”), secondary forests with a canopy heights of 10-20 m (“barbecho claro”), and dense secondary forests without a closed canopy (“barbecho tupido”). They do not occur in large tracts of mature forest with sparse understories. Unlike saddle-back tamarins, Red-bellied Tamarins very rarely use the understory or the top canopy above 25 m and mainly use the middle canopy at heights of 14 m (range 10- 25 m). Studies of wild Red-bellied Tamarins in mixed-species groups with Weddell’s Saddle-back Tamarins (S. weddelli ) and Goeldi’s Monkeys ( Callimico goeldii ) have been conducted in north-western Bolivia, Pando Department, by a number of researchers. Most notably, A. and G. Pook, M. Yoneda, H. Buchanan-Smith, and S. Hardie. L.. Porter was successful in habituating groups and conducting a long-term study there, focused on Goeldi’s Monkey. J. Rehg also studied mixed-species groups involving Red-bellied Tamarins in Brazil.
Food and Feeding. Diets of Red-bellied Tamarins consist of fruits (generally small and succulent), gum, nectar, and small animal prey. Fruits eaten include especially those of a number of Moraceae ( Pseudolmedia , Helicostylis tomentosa, Castilla ulei, Olmedia aspera, and Brosimum alicastrum), Pourouma cecropiifolia and Cecropia sciadophylla (both Urticaceae ), and Inga (Fabaceae) . They eat gum exuded from seed pods of Parkia pendula ( Mimosaceae ) and nectar from flowers of Symphonia globulifera (Guttiferae). Red-bellied Tamarins forage for animal prey on leaves nearly 90% of the time and spend very little time searching on bark and in crevices, in contrast to saddle-back tamarins.
Breeding. Births of twin Red-bellied Tamarins have been recorded in the early wet season in October-November.
Activity patterns. Red-bellied Tamarins generally leave their sleeping sites one to two hours after sunrise, (06:15-07:30 h) and retire at 16:00-16:30 h, being active for about ten hours each day. Sleeping sites are at heights of 9-18 m above the ground in holes of tree trunks and branches, forks in trees, dense vegetation and vine tangles, and even old termite mounds. In mixed-species groups, Red-bellied Tamarins are generally the first to retire, but they travel, forage, and feed more and rest less than saddle-back tamarins. A group of Red-bellied Tamarins in north-western Bolivia spent 46% ofits day resting, 32% traveling, 12% foraging, and 10% feeding. The belief is that the foliage foraging of Red-bellied Tamarinsis less efficient than that of saddle-back tamarins. They tend to catch smaller insects and take more time to find and catch them than saddle-back tamarins that target specific sites lower in the forest canopy, catching fewer but larger prey.
Movements, Home range and Social organization. Groups of Red-bellied Tamarins contain 4-10 individuals, with as many as 2-3 adult males and 2-3 adult females in each. Home ranges are 30-35 ha, and daily movements are 1300-2300 m. Where they are sympatric, Red-bellied Tamarins form mixed-species groups with saddle-back tamarins, sharing and defending a common home range and spending 60-70% of the day traveling and feeding together. In certain areas, they also associate with Goeldi’s Monkeys that have larger home ranges (100-150 ha) and associate with up to eight different mixed-species tamarin groups. Red-bellied Tamarins are larger than the saddle-backs; they lead the mixed-species group's activities and are dominant at feeding sites. Densities are 2:9-6-6 groups/km*in the Pando area and 0-94—4 groups/km?in south-eastern Peru.
Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. Red-bellied Tamarins south of the Rio Solimoes have relatively large geographic distributions between the rios Purus and Madeira. Forests in the southern part of their distribution (i.e. Acre State, Brazil; Pando region of Bolivia; and south-eastern Peru) are undergoing progressive destruction and fragmentation from logging, cattle ranching, farming, highways, colonization, and urbanization. Gray’s Red-bellied Tamarin has a restricted distribution to the north of the Rio Solimoes in a region that is quite remote and currently unspoiled. The subspecies labiatus probably occurs in Cunia Ecological Station and Lago do Cunia Extractivist Reserve in Brazil, but it is not known to occur in any protected areas in Peru or Bolivia. The Gray’s Red-bellied Tamarin might occur in part of Abufari Biological Reserve, Amazonas State, to the east of the Rio Purus. The little known Thomas's Red-bellied Tamarin has not been recorded in any protected area in Brazil, although it might occur in Juami-Japura Ecological Station north of the Rio Tonantins.
Bibliography. Aquino & Castro (1989), Aquino & Encarnacion (1994b), Buchanan-Smith (1989, 1990, 1991a, 1991b, 1999), Buchanan-Smith & Hardie (1997), Caine (1986), Caine & Marra (1988), Caine & Stevens (1990), Caine & Weldon (1989), Caine et al. (1995), Castro et al. (1990), Encarnacién & Castro (1990), Garber & Leigh (2001), Garcia (1993), Groves (2001), Hardie (1995, 1998), Hardie & Buchanan-Smith (1997, 2000), Hershkovitz (1977), Izawa & Bejarano (1981), Maeda & Masataka (1987), Marczynska et al. (1983), Masataka (1987), Ogden & Wolfe (1979), Pook & Pook (1982), Porter (2001b, 2004, 2007), Puertas et al. (1995), Rylands et al. (1993), Silva (1988), Smith & Gordon (2002), Snowdon & Soini (1988), Valverde et al. (1990), Yoneda (1981, 1984b).
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