Gonatocerus, Nees ab Esenbeck

Triapitsyn, Serguei V., 2013, Review of Gonatocerus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Palaearctic region, with notes on extralimital distributions, Zootaxa 3644 (1), pp. 1-178 : 117-119

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.3644.1.1
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:DF42B735-9A47-48D5-B382-F6A980563914
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5099135
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DC2687A4-E548-FFD2-68CC-0A2F1F2F5B97
treatment provided by	Plazi
scientific name	Gonatocerus
status

Treatment

Subgenus Gonatocerus View in CoL View at ENA ( Cosmocomoidea Howard, 1908 )

Cosmocomoidea Howard 1908: 68 View in CoL .

Type species: Cosmocomoidea morrilli Howard , by monotypy.

Ooctonus Haliday View in CoL : Girault 1929: 20.

Lymaenon (Cosmocomoidea Howard) View in CoL : Ogloblin 1959: 50 –56; Annecke & Doutt 1961: 4.

Gonatocerus View in CoL ( Gonatocerus Nees ): De Santis 1967: 103 –105 (in part).

Gonatocerus View in CoL ( Cosmocomoidea Howard ): De Santis 1967: 106; Triapitsyn et al. 2010: 94–99 (reinstated as a valid subgenus, diagnosis, diagnoses of species groups and subgroups of the ater group, key to species groups, subgroups, and species in the Neotropical region).

Lymaenon Walker View in CoL ( longicauda species group): Viggiani 1969: 39 (except Oophilus longicauda Enock [as Lymaenon longicauda (Enock) , a synonym of G. (Lymaenon) acuminatus ], G. (Lymaenon) thyrides , and also G. (Gastrogonatocerus) membraciphagus Ogloblin ).

Gonatocerus Nees View in CoL ( ater species group ): Matthews 1986: 216 (key), 220; Huber 1988: 30, 48–51 (key to Nearctic species); Yoshimoto 1990: 38 (list of Western Hemisphere species); Zeya & Hayat 1995: 62 –63 (diagnosis, key to Indian species); Donev 2005: 383 (key to species in Balkan Peninsula); Pricop 2010b: 111 –112 (diagnosis, tentative key to European species), 117 (intuitive scheme of phylogenetic relationships); Zeya & Khan 2012: 54 –56 (key to Indian species).

Diagnosis. Back of head without sutures; female funicle 8-segmented; pronotum longitudinally divided into two lobes that abut medially; dorsellum triangular to rhomboidal; propodeum almost always with 2 well developed submedian carinae and lateral to submedian carinae without transverse wrinkles, carinae, or punctures; fore wing usually relatively broad and setae behind venation absent or, if present behind marginal and stigmal veins, not as dense or as uniformly distributed as beyond venation.

All the Palaearctic species of G. ( Cosmocomoidea ) belong to the ater subgroup of the ater species group as defined by Triapitsyn et al. (2010) and above. The subgenus is much more diverse and morphologically varied in the Western Hemisphere, where several groups and subgroups within G. ( Cosmocomoidea ) occur.

Distribution. Almost cosmopolitan (absent in the Australian region but introduced, either accidentally or purposely, into various oceanic islands, e.g., Hawaiian Islands, French Polynesia, and Easter Island).

Hosts. Cicadellidae (mostly), Membracidae , and possibly Flatidae ( Triapitsyn et al. 2010) .

Comments. Identification of G. ( Cosmocomoidea ) species in the Palaearctic region is challenging, particularly the cryptic forms within the G. (Cosmocomoidea) ater Foerster and G. (Cosmocomoidea) latipennis Girault complexes. There, variability of morphological characters traditionally used for species separation, e.g., funicle segment proportions and presence or absence of mps on them, fore wing length:width, relative length of ovipositor to length of mesotibia, makes it almost impossible to define these forms unequivocally. In some cases they may be separated by the shape of the submedian carinae on the propodeum, although the carinae may be subject to intraspecific variability but perhaps to a lesser extent than other features. Therefore, new species are not described unless they can be defined confidently. A combination of morphological (including morphometric analyses based on statistically significant number of specimens), molecular, and biological studies would be necessary to resolve more difficult problems as fresh, well-prepared specimens, particularly from the type localities of the nominal taxa, become available.

Key to females of Palaearctic species of Gonatocerus (Cosmocomoidea) View in CoL

1 Ovipositor markedly exserted beyond apex of gaster ( Figs 286 View FIGURES 285 – 287 , 289 View FIGURES 288, 289 , 295 View FIGURES 293 – 295 ).......... G. (Cosmocomoidea) oxypygus Foerster

– Ovipositor not or slightly exserted beyond apex of gaster...................................................... 2

2(1) Fore wing relatively narrow, at least about 4.1× as long as wide ( Fig. 307 View FIGURES 307, 308 )......... G. (Cosmocomoidea) rogersi Matthews View in CoL

– Fore wing relatively broad, at most 3.5× as long as wide...................................................... 3

3(2) Fore wing disc mostly setose behind stigmal vein and apex of marginal vein ( Fig. 321 View FIGURES 320, 321 ).............................................................................................. G. (Cosmocomoidea) woohoo Triapitsyn sp. n.

– Fore wing disc at most with a few setae behind apex of marginal vein and stigmal vein.............................. 4

4(3) F2 with at least 1 mps on both antennae................................................................... 5

– F2 normally without mps, but at most with 1 mps on only one antenna........................................... 6

5(4) Antennal funicle segments relatively longer and narrower ( Fig. 261 View FIGURES 261 – 263 ); fore wing at least 3.0× as long as wide......................................................................... G. ( Cosmocomoidea )? kodaianus (Mani & Saraswat) View in CoL

– Antennal funicle segments relatively shorter and broader ( Fig. 257 View FIGURES 257 – 259 ); fore wing at most 2.7× as long as wide............................................................................. G. (Cosmocomoidea) kikimora Triapitsyn sp. n.

6(4) Ovipositor occupying entire length of gaster ( Figs 312 View FIGURE 312 , 314 View FIGURES 313 – 315 ), often projecting forward beneath petiole, at least 2.0× as long as mesotibia........................................................ G. (Cosmocomoidea) tremulae (Bakkendorf) View in CoL

– Ovipositor occupying less than entire length of gaster, not projecting forward beneath petiole, at most 1.9× as long as mesotibia (usually significantly less)...................................................................... 7

7(6) Propodeum with submedian carinae complete (extending to anterior margin of propodeum), curving anteriorly and posteriorly ( Figs 265 View FIGURES 264 – 267 , 269 View FIGURES 268 – 270 )........................................................ G. (Cosmocomoidea) latipennis Girault View in CoL

– Propodeum with submedian carinae of different shape, either complete or incomplete............................... 8

8(7) Mps (1 or 2) present on F3–F8 on both antennae.......................... G. (Cosmocomoidea) crassicornis (Viggiani)

– Mps absent on at least one funicle segment among F3–F8....................... G. (Cosmocomoidea) ater Foerster s. l.

[Propodeal submedian carinae fine, narrowing from propodeal posterior margin (their widest point) and either complete and joining together at propodeal anterior margin ( Fig. 208 View FIGURES 206 – 208 ) or incomplete (at least partially fading anteriorly, Fig. 219 View FIGURES 217 – 219 ) in G. (Cosmocomoidea) ater Foerster s. str.]