Armascirus Den Heyer, 1978
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https://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.418.7629 |
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lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D71C8A3D-A6CA-40A5-B3A0-34A1FD1C16A0 |
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https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DC1B9A3A-5958-C3AE-1092-DBD9E458F8A2 |
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treatment provided by |
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scientific name |
Armascirus Den Heyer, 1978 |
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Historical review.
The first Armascirus was described by Kramer (1881) as Scirus taurus . Berlese (1888) described Scirus taurus var. bison. Banks (1894) described Scirus quadripilis . Thor (1902) transferred Scirus taurus to Cunaxa . Banks (1914) described Cunaxa armata . Miller (1925) reported Scirus quadripilis from Ohio. Womersley (1933) reported Cunaxa taurus from Australia. Thor and Willmann (1941) transferred Scirus taurus var. bison to Cunaxa and raised it to full species status, viz. Cunaxa bison and transferred Scirus quadripilis to Cunaxa ; they also redescribed and figured Cunaxa armata , Cunaxa bison , Cunaxa quadripilis , and Cunaxa taurus . Baker and Hoffmann (1948) synonymized Scirus quadripilis and Cunaxa armata with Cunaxa taurus ; they followed Thor and Willmann (1941) in placing Cunaxa taurus var. bison in Cunaxa but declined to recognize it as a species and instead kept it as a variety or subspecies of Cunaxa taurus . Zaher et al. (1975b) collected Cunaxa taurus in Egypt. Chaudhri (1977) described Dactyloscirus ebrius and Dactyloscirus fuscus from Pakistan. Den Heyer (1978a) split Armascirus from Dactyloscirus and Cunaxa and raised the subfamily Cunaxinae to accommodate them, thus refining the definitions of all three genera; he transferred Cunaxa taurus and Cunaxa bison to the new genus Armascirus ; and described Armascirus huyssteeni , Armascirus lebowensis , Armascirus limpopoensis , and Armascirus albiziae . Kuznetzov and Livshitz (1979) redescribed and figured Cunaxa taurus and Cunaxa bison from Russia, either disagreeing with or being unaware of Den Heyer’s 1978 publication. Tseng (1980) reported Armascirus taurus from Taiwan. Chaudhri (1980) described Dactyloscirus fixus from Pakistan. Den Heyer (1980c) erected the tribe Armascirini and made Dactyloscirus and Armascirus the sole representatives. Gupta and Ghosh (1980) erected Indocunaxa , a monotypic genus with Indocunaxa smileyi as the type species. Liang (1983) reported Armascirus taurus from China. Shiba (1986) described Armascirus hastus and Armascirus multioculus . Michocka (1987) described Dactyloscirus rafalskii from Poland. Armascirus mactator and Armascirus pluri were described by Muhammad and Chaudhri (1991b). Smiley (1992) described Armascirus gimplei , Armascirus anastosi , Armascirus harrisoni , Armascirus heryfordi , Armascirus virginiensis , Dactyloscirus bakeri , and Dactyloscirus campbelli ; he also transferred Armascirus bison to Dactyloscirus (which was later returned to Armascirus by Den Heyer and Castro 2008a). Corpuz-Raros (1995) described Armascirus garciai and Armascirus makilingensis from the Philippines. Hu (1997) reported Armascirus bison and Armascirus taurus from China. Bashir and Afzal (2005) described Armascirus satianaensis and Armascirus asghari . Corpuz-Raros and Gruèzo (2007) described Armascirus javanus . Corpuz-Raros (2008) described Dactyloscirus bifidus . Bashir, Afzal, and Khan (2008) described four species from Pakistan: Armascirus akhtari , Armascirus jasmina , Armascirus sabrii , and Armascirus gojraensis . Den Heyer and Castro (2008a) synonymized Indocunaxa with Armascirus and transferred Dactyloscirus bison , Dactyloscirus campbelli , Dactyloscirus ebrius , Dactyloscirus fixus , Dactyloscirus fuscus , and Dactyloscirus rafalskii to Armascirus javanus . Corpuz-Raros (2008) described Armascirus apoensis . Kalúz (2009) described Armascirus cyaneus and Armascirus cerris from Central Europe Skvarla and Dowling (2012) described Armascirus ozarkensis , Armascirus pennsylvanicus , and Armascirus primigenius . Den Heyer and Castro (2012) described Armascirus brasiliensis and Armascirus bahiaensis . Kalúz and Vrabec (2013) described Armascirus fendai and Armascirus masani .
Diagnosis.
Gnathosoma. Pedipalps 5-segmented, end in a strong claw, and extend beyond the subcapitulum by at least the last segment. Apophysis between the genua and tibiotarsi, which tapers to a point, usually present; this apophysis shorter in males than in females. Basifemora complemented with a simple seta; telofemora with a spine-like seta. These two segments fused, although a line remains visible and they can thus be differentiated. Subcapitulum complemented with 6 pairs of setae (hg1-4 and 2 pairs of adoral setae). It can be covered by integumental papillae which are either randomly distributed or form a polygonal, reticulated pattern.
Idiosoma, dorsal. Female dorsal idiosoma with at least one sclerotized plate that bears 2 pairs of setose sensillae (at and pt) and 2 pairs of simple setae (lps and mps). 0-4 other major plates and platelets may also be present. All plates, if present, covered by integumental papillae that form a reticulated pattern. Integument between the plates is striated. 7 pairs of setae, c1-2, d1-h1, present. Each seta, when not on a major plate or platelet, surrounded by a minute platelet that is only slightly larger than the setal socket. Cupule im present, usually laterad or in the proximity of e1. Dorsal idiosoma of males is similar except a single large plate complemented with c1-2, d1-e1 present.
Idiosoma, ventral. Coxae reticulated in the same manner as the dorsal plates. Coxae I-II often fused; Coxae III-IV often fused. Setal formula of coxae I-IV in males 3-1-3-3 (including the paracoxal seta), in females 3-2-3-3 (including the paracoxal seta). Genital plates each bear 4 setae; 2 pairs of genital papillae visible underneath the plates. Anal plates bear 1 pair of setae (ps1). 2 pairs of setae (ps2 and h2) associated with but do not occur on the anal plates. Cupule ih present in close proximity to h2. Integument between plates striated and bears 5-7 pairs of additional setae. The ventral idiosoma of males similar except the coxae are much more extensive. A sclerotized aedeagus is often visible in association with the genital plates. Legs comparatively long, at least ¾ the length, and often longer than the body. Famulus on tarsi I normally shaped. Tarsi are constricted apically, resulting in large tarsal lobes. Trichobothrium on leg tibia IV present. Ambulacral claws occur on either side of a 4-rayed empodium.
Key to adult female Armascirus
(modified from Kalúz and Vrabec 2013)
Dactyloscirus bifidus Corpuz-Raros, 2008 is transferred to Armascirus as it posessess a spine-like seta on the pedipalpal basifemora.
Armascirus gojraensis and Armascirus sabrii appear to be nymphs based on the leg setal counts given in the original descriptions. Having not seen the type material, however, they are retained within the key. Caution should be exercised if these species are reached.
| 1 | Hysterosomal median shield present ( Figs 49a-h View Figures 49–53 , 50a-d View Figures 49–53 ) | 2 |
| - | Hysterosomal median shield absent ( Figs 51a-c View Figures 49–53 ) | 30 |
| 2 (1) | Median shield complemented with setae, small or large ( Figs 49a-h View Figures 49–53 ) | 3 |
| - | Median shield not complemented with setae, small ( Figs 50a-d View Figures 49–53 ) | 22 |
| 3 (2) | One pair of setae (d1) on hysterosomal median shield ( Figs 49a-f View Figures 49–53 ) | 4 |
| - | Two or more pairs of setae on hysterosomal median shield ( Figs 49g-h View Figures 49–53 ) | 18 |
| 4 (3) | Lateral hysterosomal platelets present ( Figs 49a-d View Figures 49–53 ) | 5 |
| - | Lateral hysterosomal platelets absent ( Figs 49e, f View Figures 49–53 ) | 15 |
| 5 (4) | Setae c1 very short, the distance between the bases of c1-c1 20 times the length of c1; venter caudally from coxae II with 5 pairs of simple setae (excluding genital, coxal, and anal setae); Poland | Armascirus rafalskii (Michocka, 1987) |
| - | Setae c1 longer, the distance between the bases of c1-c1 less than 10 times the length of c1; venter caudally from coxae II with 6 or more pairs of simple setae (excluding genital, coxal, and anal setae) | 6 |
| 6 (5) | The distance between caudal parts of hysterosomal lateral platelets wider than the distance between their frontal parts ( Figs 49a, b View Figures 49–53 ) | 7 |
| - | The distance between caudal parts of hysterosomal lateral platelets shorter than the distance between their frontal parts ( Figs 49c, d View Figures 49–53 ) | 9 |
| 7 (6) | Lateral hysterosomal platelets equal to or longer than hysterosomal median shield ( Fig. 49a View Figures 49–53 ); venter caudally from coxae II with 6 pairs of simple setae (excluding genital, coxal, and anal setae); Pakistan | Armascirus jasmina Bashir, Afzal & Khan, 2008 |
| - | Lateral hysterosomal platelets shorter than hysterosomal median shield ( Fig. 49b View Figures 49–53 ); venter caudally from coxae II with 7 pairs of simple setae (excluding genital, coxal, and anal setae) | 8 |
| 8 (7) | Pedipalpal genua with 3 spls, 1 sts; important leg I-IV sts chaetotaxy: coxae 3-1-3-2, basifemora 4-5-3-1, genua 8-8-6-5, tibiae 5-6-6-6, tarsi 15-12-8-9; Pakistan | Armascirus akhtari Bashir, Afzal & Khan, 2008 |
| - | Pedipalpal genua with 3 spls; important leg I-IV sts chaetotaxy: coxae 3-2-3-3, basifemora 4-4-3-3, genua 8-4-6-7, tibiae 6-5-6-5, tarsi 11-10-9-7; Pakistan | Armascirus satianaensis Bashir & Afzal, 2005 |
| 9 (6) | Venter caudally from coxae II with 4 pairs of simple setae (excluding genital, coxal, and anal setae); Brazil | Armascirus bahiaensis Den Heyer & Castro, 2012 |
| - | Venter caudally from coxae II with 6 pairs of simple setae (excluding genital, coxal, and anal setae) | 10 |
| - | Venter caudally from coxae II with 7 pairs of simple setae (excluding genital, coxal, and anal setae) | 14 |
| - | Venter caudally from coxae II with 8 pairs of simple setae (excluding genital, coxal, and anal setae); South Africa | Armascirus albiziae Den Heyer, 1978 |
| 10 (9) | Tarsus I with more than 27 setae; tarsus II with at least 24 setae | 11 |
| - | Tarsus I with less than 25 setae; tarsus II with less than 23 setae | 12 |
| 11 (10) | Leg genua I with 4 bsl, 4 sts; genital valve with random dot-like lobes; tarsal sts chaetotaxy I-IV 29-25-23-22; Pakistan | Armascirus pluri Muhammad & Chaudhri, 1991 |
| - | Leg genua I with 2 asl, 4 bsl, 3 sts; genital valve longitudinal rows of dot-like lobes; tarsal sts chaetotaxy I-IV 29-24-22-21; Pakistan | Armascirus mactator Muhammad & Chaudhri, 1991 |
| 12 (10) | Pedipalpal telofemora with 1 apophysis, 2 spls; pedipalpal genua with 1 ap, 2 spls, 2 sts; South Africa | Armascirus huyssteeni Den Heyer, 1978 |
| - | Pedipalpal telofemora with 1 apophysis, 1 spls; pedipalpal genua with 1 ap, 3 spls, 1 sts | 13 |
| 13(12) | Genua II with 1 asl, 5 sts; genua IV with 2 asl, 5 sts; cosmopolitan | Armascirus taurus (Kramer, 1881) |
| - | Genua II with 1 asl, 6 sts; genua IV with 1 asl, 4 or 5 sts; USA | Armascirus primigenius Skvarla & Dowling, 2012 |
| 14 (9) | Median shield pointed caudally ( Fig. 49c View Figures 49–53 ); Pakistan | Armascirus asghari Bashir & Afzal, 2005 |
| - | Median shield truncated caudally ( Fig. 49d View Figures 49–53 ); Brazil | Armascirus brasiliensis Den Heyer & Castro, 2012 |
| 15 (4) | Hysterosomal median shield with a straight or concave frontal margin and with very acute anterior lateral corners (angle less than 45°) ( Fig. 49e View Figures 49–53 ) | 16 |
| - | Hysterosomal median shield with convex frontal margin and with rounded anterior lateral corners ( Fig. 49f View Figures 49–53 ) | 17 |
| 16 (15) | Pedipalpal genua with 1 ap, 2 spls, 1 sts; legs I-IV sts formulae (excluding solenidia): basifemora 1-2-1-0; telofemora 4-4-4-4; genua 6-7-5-6; h1 4 times the length of c1;hysterosomal shield width: length = 2.2:1; Pakistan | Armascirus sabrii Bashir, Afzal & Khan, 2008 |
| - | Pedipalpal genua with 1 ap, 3 spls, 1 sts; legs I-IV sts formulae (excluding solenidia): basifemora 2-2-1-1; telofemora 4-4-4-3; genua 8-6-6-6; h1 3 times the length of c1;hysterosomal shield width: length 1.5:1; Pakistan | Armascirus gojraensis Bashir, Afzal & Khan, 2008 |
| 17 (15) | Apophysis adjoining genu and tibiotarsus shorter than pedipalpal tibiotarsus; pedipalpal telofemoral apophyses three times longer than spine-like seta; distance between the bases of sci-sci 9 times the length of sci; Brazil, Mexico | Armascirus bison (Berlese, 1988) |
| - | Apophysis adjoining genu and tibiotarsus longer than pedipalpal tibiotarsus; pedipalpal telofemoral apophyses three times longer than spine-like seta; distance between the bases of sci-sci 5 times the length of sci; Pakistan | Armascirus fixus (Chaudhri, 1980) |
| 18 (3) | Hysterosomal median shield with 2 pairs of setae (c1, d1) ( Fig. 49g View Figures 49–53 ) | 19 |
| - | Hysterosomal median shield with more than 3 pairs of setae ( Fig. 49h View Figures 49–53 ) | 20 |
| 19 (18) | Pedipalpal telofemora with 2 ap, 1 spls; pedipalpal genua with 2 spls, 2 sts; venter caudally from coxae II with 6 pairs of simple setae (excluding genital, coxal, and anal setae); tarsi I-IV with 21-20-15-13 sts (excluding solenidia); the distance between bases of c1-c1 4 times the distance of h1-h1; distance between c1-c1 5 times the length of c1 | Armascirus anastosi Smiley, 1992 |
| - | Pedipalpal telofemora with 1 ap, 1 spls; pedipalpal genua with 3 spls, 1 sts; venter caudally from coxae II with 5 pairs of simple setae (excluding genital, coxal, and anal setae); tarsi I-IV with 19-13-13-13 sts (excluding solenidia); the distance between c1-c1 2 times the distance between h1-h1; the distance between c1-c1 4 times the length of c1 | Armascirus heryfordi Smiley, 1992 |
| 20 (18) | Apophysis adjacent to pedipalpal genua and tibiotarsi present | Armascirus multioculus Shiba, 1986 |
| - | Apophysis adjacent to pedipalpal genua and tibiotarsi absent | 21 |
| 21 (20) | 5 pairs of genital setae; pedipalp claw bifid ( Fig. 52a View Figures 49–53 ); hysterosomal setae not serrate; Philippines | Armascirus apoensis Corpuz-Raros, 2008 |
| - | 4 pairs of genital setae; pedipalp claw entire, not bifid ( Fig. 52b View Figures 49–53 ); hysterosomal setae serrate; Pakistan | Armascirus fuscus (Chaudhri, 1977) |
| 22 (2) | Lateral hysterosomal platelets present ( Figs 50a-c View Figures 49–53 ) | 23 |
| - | Lateral hysterosomal platelets absent ( Fig. 50d View Figures 49–53 ) | 27 |
| 23 (22) | Hysterosomal median shield width: length 1:1; venter caudally from coxae II with 6 or 7 pairs of sts (excluding genital and anal setae) | 24 |
| - | Hysterosomal median shield width: length 2:1; venter caudally from coxae II with 5 or 6 pairs of sts (excluding genital and anal setae) | 25 |
| 24 (23) | Hysterosomal platelets large, as long as median shield ( Fig. 50a View Figures 49–53 ); venter caudally from coxae II with 7 sts; pedipalp telofemur with 1 apophysis | Armascirus cerris Kalúz, 2009 |
| - | Hysterosomal platelets about 1/3 the length of median shield; venter caudally from coxae II with 6 sts; pedipalp telofemur with 2 apophysis | Armascirus fendai Kalúz & Vrabec, 2013 |
| 25 (23) | Hysterosomal platelets as long as median shield ( Fig. 50b View Figures 49–53 ) | 26 |
| - | Hysterosomal platelets ½ as long as median shield ( Fig. 50c View Figures 49–53 ); Mexico, USA | Armascirus gimplei |
| 26 (25) | Hysterosomal plate concave on lateral edges ( Fig. 53a View Figures 49–53 ); USA | Armascirus ozarkensis Skvarla & Dowling, 2012 |
| - | Hysterosomal plate not concave on lateral edges ( Fig. 53b View Figures 49–53 ); Japan | Armascirus hastus Shiba, 1986 |
| 27 (22) | Apophysis on pedipalp telofemur extends to distal margin of segment; 2 pairs of ventral pregenital setae thickened and spiculate; f1 1/3 length of h1; Philippines | Armascirus makilingensis Corpuz-Raros, 1995 |
| - | Apophysis on pedipalp telofemur extends well beyond distal margin of segment; ventral pregenital setae not thickened and spiculate; f1 subequal to h1 | 28 |
| 28 (27) | Pedipalpal telofemora with 2 ap, 1 spls; the distance between the bases of c1-c1 two times the distance of d1-d1; South Africa | Armascirus limpopoensis Den Heyer, 1978 |
| - | Pedipalp telofemora with 1 ap, 1 spls; the distances between the bases of c1-c1 = d1-d1 | 29 |
| 29 (28) | Pedipalp tibiotarsus with 1 spls, 4 sts; USA | Armascirus harrisoni Smiley, 1992 |
| - | Pedipalp tibiotarsus with 1 spls, 3 sts; Canada | Armascirus bakeri (Smiley, 1992) |
| 30 (1) | Pedipalpal telofemoral apophyses long, reaching apical apophysis on pedipalpal genu; lateral platelets present | 31 |
| - | Pedipalpal telofemoral apophyses short, not reaching apical apophysis on pedipalpal genu; lateral platelets present or absent | 32 |
| 31 (30) | Pedipalpal basifemora with 1 subrectangular apophysis; pedipalp tibiotarsal spls 3 times the length of terminal claw; hysterosomal platelets small, equal in length to c2 ( Fig. 51a View Figures 49–53 ); coxal chaetotaxy I-IV 3-2-3-3; South Africa | Armascirus lebowensis Den Heyer, 1978 |
| - | Pedipalpal basifemora without subrectangular apophysis; pedipalp tibiotarsal spls equal in length to terminal claw; hysterosomal platelets long, 2-3 times the length of c2 ( Fig. 51b View Figures 49–53 ); coxal chaetotaxy I-V 3-1-3-1; USA | Armascirus campbelli (Smiley, 1992) |
| 32 (30) | Coxal setal count I-IV 3-2-3-3 | 33 |
| - | Coxal setal count I-IV 3-2-3-2 | 35 |
| - | Coxal setal count I-IV 3-3-3-3 | Armascirus bifidus (Corpuz-Raros, 2008) |
| 33 (32) | Pedipalpal telofemora with 1 apophysis, 2 spls, 1 sts; the distance between d1-d1 9 times the length of d1; pedipalpal genua with 2 spls, 1 sts; Slovakia | Armascirus cyaneus Kalúz, 2009 |
| - | Pedipalpal telofemora with 1 apophysis, 2 spls; the distance between d1-d1 4 times the length of d1; pedipalpal genua chaetotaxy not as above | 34 |
| 34 (33) | Hysterosomal platelets present ( Fig. 51b View Figures 49–53 ); pedipalpal genua with 2 spls, 2 sts; basifemora with 5-5-4-2 sts; USA | Armascirus virginiensis Smiley, 1992 |
| - | Hysterosomal platelets absent ( Fig. 51c View Figures 49–53 ); pedipalpal genua with 1 spls, 1 sts; basifemora with 6-6-4-2 sts; Philippines | Armascirus javanus Corpuz-Raros & Gruèzo, 2007 |
| 35 (32) | Pedipalpal telofemoral apophyses as long as width of telofemora; pedipalpal genu with 1 apophysis, 2 spls, 2 sts; USA | Armascirus pennsylvanicus Skvarla & Dowling, 2012 |
| - | Pedipalpal telofemoral apophyses only 1/3 width of telofemora; pedipalpal genu with 1 apophysis, 3 spls, 1 sts; Philippines | Armascirus garciai Corpuz-Raros, 1995 |
Key to adult male Armascirus
(modified from Kalúz and Vrabec 2013)
| 1 | Venter with 5 or fewer pairs of setae, excluding genital, anal, and adanal setae; setal formula of coxae I-IV not as below; setal formula of basifemora I-IV not as below | 2 |
| - | Venter with 6 pairs of setae, excluding genital, anal, and adanal setae; setal formula of coxae I-IV 3-2-3-3; setal formula of basifemora I-IV 5-5-4-2; cosmopolitan | Armascirus taurus (Kramer, 1881) |
| 2 (1) | Setal formula of basifemora I-IV 5-5-4-1; Pakistan | Armascirus ebrius (Chaudhri, 1977) |
| - | Setal formula of basifemora I-IV not as above | 3 |
| 3 (2) | Coxae I-IV setal formula 3-1-3-3; papillae on circular region anterior to setae pt present; South Africa | Armascirus huyssteeni Den Heyer, 1978 |
| - | Coxae I-IV setal formula 3-2-3-3; papillae on circular region anterior to setae pt present or absent | 4 |
| 4 (3) | Setal formula of basifemora I-IV 5-4-3-0; papillae on circular region anterior to setae pt present; South Africa | Armascirus limpopoensis Den Heyer, 1978 |
| - | Setal formula of basifemora I-IV not as above; papillae on circular region anterior to setae pt absent; South africa | 5 |
| 5 (4) | Genua I with 3 asl, 5 sts; South Africa | Armascirus lebowensis Den Heyer, 1978 |
| - | Genua I with 2 asl, 1 mst, 5 sts; Ukraine | Armascirus masani Kalúz & Vrabec, 2013 |
No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.
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