Cervus elaphus Linnaeus, 1758

Peter Grubb, 1993, Order Artiodactyla, Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 377-414 : 385-386

Cervus elaphus Linnaeus, 1758 . Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1:67 .

TYPE LOCALITY: S Sweden .

DISTRIBUTION: Tunisia; NE Algeria; Europe east to Crimea and Caucasus; Turkey; N Iran; C Asia from N Afghanistan, Kashmir ( India) and Russian Turkestan east to Siberia, Mongolia, W and N China and Ussuri region ( Russia); in Corsica and Sardinia only since Neolithic; North America, where now restricted to western areas and reserves. Red Deer (C. e. elaphus and related subspecies) introduced to Morocco, USA, Argentina, Chile, Australia, and New Zealand; Wapiti (C. e. canadensis and related subspecies) introduced to Ural Mtns and Volga Steppe ( Russia) and New Zealand.

STATUS: CITES - Appendix I as C. e. hanglu ; Appendix II as C. e. bactrianus ; Appendix III ( Tunisia) as C. e. barbarus . U.S. ESA - Endangered as C. e. bactrianus , C. e. barbarus , C. e. corsicanus, C. e. hanglu , C. e. macneilli, C. e. wallichi, and C. e. yarkandensis; IUCN - Endangered as C. e. bactrianus , C. e. corsicanus, C. e. hanglu , C. e. wallichi, and C. e. yarkandensis; Vulnerable as C. e. barbarus ; Indeterminate as C. e. macneilli.

SYNONYMS: affinis, alashanicus, albicus, albifrons, albus, asiaticus, atlanticus, bactrianus , baicalensis, bajovaricus, balticus, barbarus , bedfordianus, biedermanni, bolivari, brauneri, campestris , canadensis , carpathicus, cashmeriensis, casperianus, caspius, caucasicus, corsicanus, debilis , eustephanus, germanicus, hanglu , hagenbecki , hippelaphus, hispanicus, isubra, kansuensis, luedorfi, macneilli, major , manitobensis, maral, mediterraneus , merriami, minor, montanus , nannodes, naryanus, neglectus, nelsoni, occidentalis, rhenanus, roosevelti, saxonicus, scoticus, sibiricus, songaricus, tauricus, tibetanus, ussuricus, varius, visurgensis, vulgaris , wachei, wallichi, wapiti, wardi , xanthopygus, yarkandensis.

COMMENTS: For synonyms see Corbet (1978c:201), McCullough (1969), and Hall (1981:1084- 1087). Reviewed by J.M. Dolan (1988).