Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780)

Peter Grubb, 1993, Order Artiodactyla, Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 377-414 : 391

Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780) . Geogr. Gesch. Mensch. Vierf. Thiere, 2:129.

TYPE LOCALITY: "Bewohnt in grossen Heerben Carolina v), Virginien, Louisiana w), und geht vielleicht bis Panama x) hinunter"; restricted by Hershkovitz (1948c:43) to USA, Virginia .

DISTRIBUTION: W and S Canada; NW, SW, C and E USA to Bolivia, Guianas and N Brazil. Introduced to Czechoslovakia, Finland, New Zealand and West Indies, where these deer may survive on Cuba, Curacao, St. Croix and St. Thomas Isis.

STATUS: CITES - Appendix III ( Guatemala) as O. v. mayensis [listing in the process of being withdrawn); U.S. ESA - Endangered as O. v. clavium and O. v. leucurus ; IUCN - Rare as O. v. clavium .

SYNONYMS: abeli, acapulcensis, aequatorialis, antonii, battyi, borealis , brachyceros , campestris , cariacou, carminis, chiriquensis, clavatus, clavium, columbicus, consul, costaricensis, couesi, curassavicus, dacotensis, fraterculus, goudotii, gracilis , gymnotis, hiltonensis, lasiotis, leucurus , lichtensteini, louisianae, macrourus, margaritae, mcilhennyi, mexicanus, miquihuanensis, nelsoni, nemoralis, nigribarbis, oaxacensis, ochrourus, osceola, peruvianus , philippii, rothschildi , savannarum, seminolus, sinaloae, spelaeus , spinosus, suacuapara, sylvaticus , taurinsulae, texanus, thomasi, toltecus, tropicalis, truei, ustus, venatorius, veraecrucis, wiegmanni, wisconsinensis, yucatanensis.

COMMENTS: Reviewed by W.P. Smith (1991, Mammalian Species, 388).