Physalaemus carrizorum Cardozo & Pereyra, 2018

Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), Zootaxa 4725 (1), pp. 1-106 : 80

Physalaemus carrizorum Cardozo & Pereyra, 2018

We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note, with general downward FM, but with an up-downward FM segment in the first fourth of the call.

Call A ( Fig. 49 A–D and 42H). We examined one recording, a total of four minutes, with 44 calls from three males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2 ). Call duration varies from 2.360 to 4.118 s. The envelope of the call is variable. In most calls, rise and fall are similar in duration and shape (exponential) and the sustain is long. Some sustains are regular ( Fig. 49C ) and others are irregular ( Fig. 49A ), with short and shallow valleys. In some calls, the limits between the call rise, sustain, and call fall are not clear. Usually, the envelope is divided into two parts with different amplitude levels ( Fig. 49A ). The amplitude peak is usually at the end of the first seven tenths of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic or rectangular ( Fig. 49C ), to triangular (pointed left; Fig. 49A ; rarely pointed right). Due to the asymmetry of some triangular envelopes, the shape resembles an arrow. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 36 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series ( Fig. 42H ). The fundamental frequency is ca. 460 Hz and approximately the first seven harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from ca. 410 to 2630 Hz ( Fig. 49B ). The dominant harmonic is the first, fifth, or sixth ( Fig. 42H ). There is a clear shift in relative energy between the bands; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call, starting at the first harmonic, moving to the fifth, and ending at the sixth ( Fig. 42H , 49B ). Most of the call energy is between 350 and 3500 Hz (eight to nine harmonics). The call has a general downward FM ( Fig. 49B, D ). Additionally, calls have an up-downward FM in the first fourth of the call duration, leading to slightly arc-shaped bands in this part of the call ( Fig. 49B, D ), and a short downward FM at the end ( Fig. 49B ). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. Some calls have a slight PFM.

Figures

FIGURE 42. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. orophilus (A), P. lateristriga (B), P. olfersii (C), P. riograndensis (D), P. biligonigerus (E), P. marmoratus (F), P. santafecinus (G), P. carrizorum (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see call B of P. ephippifer).

FIGURE 49. Call A of Physalaemus carrizorum. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call A (A–B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–D). Horizontal scale bars have 1 s (C–D); vertical scale bar has 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 31.7 (B and D).