Physalaemus ephippifer (Steindachner, 1864)

Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P., 2020, Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae), Zootaxa 4725 (1), pp. 1-106 : 66

publication ID

https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1

publication LSID

lsid:zoobank.org:pub:B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361

DOI

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583626

persistent identifier

https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640-FFB0-FF8D-BE8B-FF32FE4CFB36

treatment provided by

Plazi

scientific name

Physalaemus ephippifer (Steindachner, 1864)
status

 

Physalaemus ephippifer (Steindachner, 1864)

We found a single call type for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note with a triangular envelope that resembles an arrow-like shape. There is usually a slight PAM (without silence intervals) in the final three fourths of the call duration. The call has a general downward FM, with an up-downward FM segment in the first third or first half of the call duration. Subharmonics are always present in the first half of the call.

Call A ( Fig. 34 View FIGURE 34 A–F and 33B). We examined two recordings, a total of one minute, with ca. 130 calls from six males. Only some of these calls were measured (see Table 2 View TABLE 2 ). Call duration varies from 0.466 to 0.523 s. The call rise and fall are similar in duration and shape (exponential). The sustain is composed of a long and deep valley (i.e., with a concave shape; Fig. 34A, C View FIGURE 34 ). The envelope varies from elliptic to triangular (pointed right). Due to the concave shape of the sustain, the triangular shape of some calls resembles an arrow ( Fig. 34A View FIGURE 34 ). The amplitude peak is at the end of the first fourth of the call duration. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 38 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. Some calls have an intermediate PAM only in the final three fourths of the call duration (there is no silence interval between amplitude peaks; Fig. 34A View FIGURE 34 ). The rate of the PAM is ca. 26 Hz, forming ca. eight cycles throughout part of the call where the PAM is present. The cycle rise and fall are similar, with amplitude peak at the middle of the cycle. The call has a harmonic series ( Fig. 33B View FIGURE 33 ). The fundamental frequency is ca. 590 Hz and approximately the first eight harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. Subharmonics (f 0 1/2) are present in ca. the first third or half of all calls examined ( Fig. 34B, E, F View FIGURE 34 ). The dominant frequency varies from ca. 820 to 2630 Hz. The dominant harmonics are the first, third, fourth, fifth or sixth (usually the first or sixth; Fig. 33B View FIGURE 33 , 34B View FIGURE 34 ). At the beginning of the call the subharmonic 1.5 is the dominant band ( Fig. 34B, F View FIGURE 34 ). There is a clear shift in the relative energy among the bands in the second half of the call; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call, starting at the first harmonic, moving to the fifth, and ending at the sixth; thenceforth, it dominant frequency gets lower, moving to the fourth or third harmonic ( Fig. 33B View FIGURE 33 , 34B View FIGURE 34 ). Most of the call energy is between 550 and 2750 Hz (three to five harmonics). The call has a general downward FM ( Fig. 34B, E View FIGURE 34 ). Additionally, calls have an up-downward FM in the first third or half of the call duration, yielding arc-shaped bands in this part of the call and a short downward FM at the end ( Fig. 34B, E View FIGURE 34 ). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. Calls have a PFM throughout the second half of the call, which is inversely proportional and synchronic to the PAM ( Fig. 34A, B View FIGURE 34 ).

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Chordata

Class

Amphibia

Order

Anura

Family

Leiuperidae

Genus

Physalaemus

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