Symplocos hartwegii Candolle (1844: 252)

Kelly, Lawrence M., Almeda, Frank & Fritsch, Peter W., 2016, A taxonomic revision of Mexican and Central American Symplocos (Symplocaceae), Phytotaxa 264 (1), pp. 448-450 : 448-450

12. Symplocos hartwegii Candolle (1844: 252) [“ Hartwegi ”]. Lectotype (designated here):— GUATEMALA. Quetzaltenango: Santa María de Jesús , [14°43′28″N, 91°31′17″W], 1839, 1840, or 1841, K. T. Hartweg 545 (lectotype G-164225-n.v., online image!, isolectotypes B-n.v., digital image!, G-DC-142403-n.v., digital image!, K- n.v., digital image!, LD-n.v., online image!, NY!, P-n.v., digital image!, photo ex B at F! and NY! and US!)

= S. hartwegii var. opaca Brand (1906: 749) . Lectotype (designated here):— GUATEMALA. El Quiché: Sacabajá , 1200 m, [15°10′37″N, 90°56′32″W], March 1892, H. T. Heyde & E. Lux 3011 (lectotype F!, isolectotypes NY p.p.!, US- 2 p. p.!).

Trees 6–50 m tall; distal branchlets and vegetative buds sericeous (rarely hirsute), trichomes 0.4–0.8 mm long,

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appressed to antrorsely spreading, brownish. Petioles (3–) 5–9 mm long; leaf blades bicolorous, elliptic or elliptic-oblong to obovate, 3.5–5.5(–8) × 2–3(–4.5) cm, membranaceous, abaxially moderately to sparsely appressed-pilose (more densely along midvein), adaxially glabrous, secondary veins not adaxially impressed, base obtuse, margins subentire to minutely serrulate, apex obtuse and short-acuminate. Inflorescences 1-(2-)flowered or rarely 3–4-flowered cymes, peduncle 1–7 mm long, sericeous, trichomes 0.2–0.7 mm long; bracts, if present, caducous, 1 or 2 toward base of peduncle, ovate, 3–4 × 3–4 mm, puberulent to sericeous, margins ciliate; bracteoles caducous, 2–4, ovate, 0.75–1.25 × 0.5–0.75, minutely sericeous or glabrous, margins ciliate. Pedicels absent. Hypanthium densely sericeous. Calyx lobes 5, broadly ovate, 2–4 × 2–3 mm, densely sericeous at least medially, margins ciliate and often glandular. Corolla pink, 5-lobed, 7–12 mm long; tube 3–5 mm long; lobes adnate to filament tube for 4–5 mm, oblanceolate, densely sericeous, margins glabrous. Stamens 4-seriate; filament tube 5–7 mm; distinct portions of filaments 3–4 × 0.75–1 mm. Disk densely pilose; style 7–9 mm long, sparsely pilose basally; stigma ± 3-lobed. Fruits green maturing to dark bluish purple, cylindrical, ovoid, or ellipsoid, 2–3 × 1–2 cm, subglabrous to strigillose (rarely persistently hirsute), glabrate, apex rounded to base of spreading calyx lobes; disk convex, fully exposed apical; endocarp 3-locular, perimeter rounded.

Vernacular name —Aceituno (Martínez S. et al. 22497 [CAS, MEXU, NY], chilil (Equipo CDC Flora 1383 [MEXU]), irayol de monte (Reyna 663 [LAGU]).

Illustration — Kelly & Almeda (2005: 37).

Photographic images — Figures 1f , 2j .

Phenology —Flowering November through February, May, July; fruiting January, April, May, August, September, November, and December.

Distribution and habitat — Mexico (Chiapas), Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador, occasional to locally common in cloud forests at (1200–) 2000–3100 m elev. Figure 16.

A TAXONOMIC REVISION OF SYMPLOCOS

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Conservation status — Symplocos hartwegii can be locally common at its known localities in Chiapas, Guatemala, and Honduras. It occurs in three protected areas: Parque Natural El Triunfo in Chiapas, Parque Nacional Montecristo in El Salvador, and Celaque National Park in Honduras. Based on these data, we assign a classification of Least Concern (LC) to this species.

Discussion — Symplocos hartwegii is distinguished by the combination of solitary (or rarely 2–4) flowers with sericeous sepals and petals, and large fruits. Its relatively small leaves have resulted in its misidentification as S. pycnantha . However, S. pycnantha is readily distinguished from S. hartwegii by racemose or spicate inflorescences (versus 1[–4]-flowered) and smaller fruits (0.6–0.9 × 0.4–0.6 cm versus 2–3 × 1–2 cm). The short-petiolate leaves (3–5 mm long) and much more densely and coarsely pubescent distal branchlets and fruits in the specimens from El Salvador are atypical.

Three elements were cited in the protologue of Symplocos hartwegii : Guatemala (“ex schedulá in h. Boiss.”), Mexico (“Pav.! in h. Boiss.”), and Santa María (“Hartw.!”). The Hartweg specimen, which we take to be Hartweg 545, was also cited in the same publication as the type of S. cernua Bonpland var. mexicana Candolle (1844: 248) , which was validly published and placed in synonymy under S. hartwegii . The only syntype that we have been able to locate is Hartweg 545, which is here designated as the lectotype of S. hartwegii . This action renders S. cernua var. mexicana superfluous.

The type of Symplocos hartwegii var. opaca was cited in the protologue as occurring at B, with a locality of “ Guatemala: Sacabaja, 1200 m,” which we take to be the specimens of H. T. Heyde & E. Lux 3011. The B specimen of this collection is presumably destroyed. The only other specimen of which we know that is not a mixed collection with S. pycnantha is one at F (accession number 76765). Thus we have lectotypified S. hartwegii var. opaca on this F specimen, with the S. hartwegii elements of other duplicates of this collection established as isolectotypes (e.g., the duplicates at NY and US). The MO duplicate consists entirely of S. pycnantha and thus is not part of the type material of this name.

Additional specimens examined — MEXICO. Chiapas: Motozintla de Mendoza, N and W slope of Cerro Mozotal below the microwave tower along the rd from Huixtla to El Porvenir and Siltepec , 3000 m, [15°25′48″N, 92°20′07″W], 18 November 1971, Breedlove 22743 (DS!, MO!) ; Unión Juárez, SE side of Volcán Tacaná above Talquian , 2700 m, [15°06′45″N, 92°06′03″W], 12 November 1972, Breedlove 29419 (DS!, MO!, NY!) ; SE side of Cerro Tres Picos and the ridges near summit, 2100–2500 m, [16°11′40″N, 93°36′31″W], 11 December 1972, Breedlove & Thorne 30120 (DS!, MEXU!, MO!, NY!) ; Motozintla de Mendoza, NW slope of Cerro Mozotal below the microwave tower along the rd from Huixtla to El Porvenir and Siltepec , 3000 m, [15°25′48″N, 92°20′07″W], 30 December 1972, Breedlove & Thorne 31194 (DS!, F!, MEXU!, MO!, NY!) ; Siltepec, ridge above Siltepec on the rd to Huixtla , 2000–2400 m, [15°33′09″N, 92°18′35″W], 18 January 1973, Breedlove & Smith 31851 (DS!, MEXU!, MO!, NY!) ; El Porvenir, NW slope of Cerro Male, 3–4 km W of El Porvenir along rd from Huixtla to Siltepec , 2800 m, [15°27′35″N, 92°19′05″W], 19 September 1976, Breedlove 40367 (DS!, MO!) ; Motozintla de Mendoza, SW side of Cerro Mozotal, 11 km NW of the jct. of the rd to Motozintla along the rd from El Porvenir and Siltepec , 2100 m, [15°24′N, 92°18′W], 23 November 1981, Breedlove & Bartholomew 55790 (CAS!, MEXU!) ; Motozintla de Mendoza, near summit of Cerro Mozotal , 2750 m, [15°25′11″N, 92°20′12″W], 24 November 1981, Breedlove & Bartholomew 55873 (CAS!, GH!, MEXU!, MO!) ; Motozintla de Mendoza, N slope of Cerro Mozotal near the summit, 2900–3000 m, [15°25′28″N, 92°20′39″W], 31 January 1982, Breedlove & Almeda 58168 (CAS!, GH!, MEXU!, MO!, NY!) ; ridge NE of Cerro Boqueron on rd from El Rosario to Niquivil , 2255 m, [15°13′12″N, 92°18′W], 29 November 1986, Breedlove & Sigg 66151 ( CAS!) ; Jaltenango, Reserva el Triunfo , poligono 1, near Campamento HQ, 1900 m, [15°39′N, 92°48′W], November–December 1989, Heath & Long 494 (CAS!, MEXU!) ; Mpio. Motozintla de Mendoza, Cerro Mozotal, N slope, ca. 3 km below summit by dirt rd, ca. 2 km NW of Motozintla – Buenos Aires–Porvenir Hwy (now paved), 2912 m, 15°26.543′N, 92°19.884′W, (15°26′32″N, 92°19′53″W), 17 January 2003, Kelly et al. 1339 (CAS!, MEXU!, NY!) ; Mpio. El Porvenir, 1 km al O de El Porvenir, camino a Motozintla , 2870 m, 15°27′10″N, 92°17′15″W, 27 February 1988, Martínez S. et al. 22497 (CAS!, NY!, MEXU!) ; Porvenir, Mt. Male , 3200 m, [15°27′N, 92°16′48″W], 6–12 July 1941, Matuda 4674 (MEXU!, MO!, NY!) ; Tres Cruces, Sierra Madre , 2600 m, [16°47′24″N, 92°42′W], 24 February 1945, Matuda 5047 (DS!, F!, MO!) .

GUATEMALA. Huehuetenango: summit of Cerro Pixpix, above San Ildefonso Ixtahuacán , 1600–2800 m, [15°25′N, 91°46′W], 15 August 1942, Steyermark 50551 (F!) . San Marcos: Sibinal, Volcán Tacaná, ascendiendo desde Sibinal , 3040 m, [15°08′48″N, 92°03′50″W], 18 June 1998, Equipo CDC Flora 1383 ( MEXU!); upper S-

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facing forested slopes of Volcán Tajumulco, between Las Canojas and top of ridge, 7 mi from San Sebastián, 3300–3900 m, [15°05′07″N, 91°55′23″W], 16 February 1940, Steyermark 35864 (F!); between Sibinal and Ixchiguán, 3500–4000 m, [15°09′28″N, 91°59′14″W], 18 February 1940, Steyermark 35954 (F!, GH!). Sololá and Totonicapán: 5–10 km W of Los Encuentros, Cerro María Tecum , Sierra Madre Mtns., 2900–3100 m, [14°51′15″N, 91°11′15″W], 24 December 1972, Williams et al. 41726 (F!, MO!, NY!, US!). Quetzaltenango: NW slope of Volcán Zunil, 6–8 km S of Zunil along rd to Fuentes Georginas, 2375 m, [14°46′06″N, 91°29′01″W], 2 October 1986, Breedlove & Almeda 64823 ( CAS!). Sacatepéquez: Volcán Acatenango, 9000 ft, 20 February 1905, Kellerman 4824 ( US!) .

HONDURAS. Lempira: NE del Campamento Naranjo, 11 km al SE de Gracias, Parque Nacional de Celaque , 2560 m, 14°33′N, 88°40′W, 31 January 1992, Darío 13 (CAS!, MO!) .

EL SALVADOR. Santa Ana: Bosque Montecristo, 2100 m, [14°24′29″N, 89°22′02″W], 24 January 1977, Martínez 968 (MHES, photo!); San José Ingenio, P. N. Montecristo, miramundo, 2400 m, 14°25′N, 89°21′W, 25 November 2001, Martínez 392 (LAGU, photo!, MO!); San José Ingenio, P. N. Montecristo, miramundo, 2400 m, 14°25′N, 89°21′W, 21 April 2002, Martínez 987 (LAGU, photo!); San José Ingenio, P. N. Montecristo, miramundo, 2418 m, 14°25′N, 89°21′W, 14 May 2002, Martínez 1060 (LAGU, photo!, MO!); San José Ingenio, P. N. Montecristo, miramundo, 2418 m, 14°25′N, 89°21′W, 15 May 2002, Martínez 1064 (LAGU, photo!, MO!); San José Ingenio, P. N. Montecristo, Miramundo, 2400 m, 14°25′N, 89°21′W, 21 April 2002, Martínez s.n. ( MO!); Montaña de Montecristo, 2100 m, [14°24′29″N, 89°22′02″W], 13 September 2001, Reyna 333 (EAP, photo!); P. N. de Montecristo, 2250 m, [14°24′29″N, 89°22′02″W], 29 July 1976, Reyna 663 (MHES, photo!, EAP, photo!) .

Figures

FIGURE 1. Flowers of some species of Mexican and Central American Symplocos. a. S. longipes (photograph by Victor Steinman). b. S. austromexicana. c. S. breedlovei. d. S. coccinea. e. S. costaricana (photograph by Daniel Solano). f. S. hartwegii. g. S. nigridentata. h. S. povedae.

FIGURE 2. Flowers and fruits of some species of Mexican and Central American Symplocos. a. S. serrulata. b. S. speciosa. c. S. striata. d. S. tribracteolata. e. S. austromexicana. f. S. citrea. g. S. pycnantha. h. S. coccinea. i. S. serrulata. j. S. hartwegii.

FIGURE 16. Geographic distribution of Symplocos hartwegii, S. hintonii, and S. nigridentata.