ASTERACEAE

Baksh-Comeau, Yasmin S., Maharaj, Shobha S., Adams, Dennis, Harris, Stephen A., Filer, Denis L. & Hawthorne, William D., 2016, An annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Trinidad and Tobago with analysis of vegetation types and botanical ‘ hotspots’, Phytotaxa 250 (1), pp. 448-450 : 448-450

ASTERACEAE

Acanthospermum hispidum DC., Prodr. 5: 522 (1836) Habit: Herb. Habitat: Grassy places near the sea, pastures and roadsides. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Bethesda, Broadway 3141 (BM); Glamorgan, Broadway 9070 (BM); Plymouth, Sandwith 1638 (K). TRINIDAD: St. Joseph, Broadway 9306 (BM, K). Global range: Greater Antilles, Virgin Islands, Lesser Antilles, United States (Florida), Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, Brazil. Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina.

Acmella radicans (Jacq.) R.K.Jansen var. debilis (Kunth) R.K.Jansen, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 8: 65 (1985) Syn: Spilanthes debilis Kunth ; Spilanthes exasperata Jacq. Habit : Herb. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Crueger s.n. (TRIN 2028). Global range: Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia.

Acmella uliginosa (Sw.) Cass., Dict. Sci. Nat. (ed. 2) 24: 331 (1822) Syn: Spilanthes uliginosa Sw. Habit : Herb. Habitat: Weed of wet, grassy places, disturbed areas and roadsides. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TRINIDAD: Chaguanas-Couva. RBS Vegetation Classes: Swamp/marsh (Vegnum 11: 8% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Roxborough-Parlatuvier Road, Sandwith 1772 (K); between Studley Park and Hillsborough Dam, Clement & Ryves 263 (BM). TRINIDAD: Piarco Savanna, Broadway 9305 (BM); Arima-Blanchisseuse Road, Broadway 5923 (BM); Valencia Road, Philcox & Phillips 8304 (K); Waller Field, Adams 13736 (TRIN). Global range: Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Central America, Venezuela, Guianas, Brazil, Bolivia.

Ageratum conyzoides L., Sp. Pl. 2: 839 (1753) Common Name: Bush Number Nine, Cocolicka, Porter Bush, Zebafam. Habit: Herb. Habitat: Weed of roadsides and waste or cultivated ground in damp areas. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TOBAGO: E Coast; TRINIDAD: Chaguanas-Couva; Princes Town. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 5: 3% RBS samples); Swamp/marsh (Vegnum 11: 15% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Without locality, Fendler 458 (BM, OXF), Fendler 459 (BM, OXF); Guanapo Heights Road, Adams 13543 (TRIN). Global range: Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Virgin Islands, Lesser Antilles, United States (Missouri), Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay.

Ageratum houstonianum Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8, No. 2 (1768) Exotic.

Ambrosia hispida Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 2: 743 (1814) Exotic.

Ambrosia peruviana Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: 377 (1805) Syn: Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. var. trinitensis Griseb. ; Ambrosia cumanensis Kunth ; Ambrosia paniculata Michx. var. cumanensis O.E.Schulz Common name: Altamis, High Mass, Tansy, Wild Tomato. Habit: Shrub. Habitat: Waste grounds and hillsides. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Woodbrook, Broadway 6241 (BM); San Francique Road, Philcox et al. 8380 (K). Global range: Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, southern United States, Mexico, Central and South America. Austroeupatorium inulifolium (Kunth) R.M.King & H. Rob., Phytologia 19: 434 (1970) Syn: Eupatorium cinereum Griseb. ; Eupatorium inulifolium Kunth Common name: Christmas Bush, Male Christmas Bush, San Miguel Bush. Habit: Shrub. Habitat: Waste and open lands. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TRINIDAD: P.O.S.-Santa Cruz; Rio Claro-Mayaro; SW Icacos-Cedros; Tabaquite-Brickfield; Tucker-Mt.Catherine. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 4: 3% RBS samples; Vegnum 5: 3% RBS samples); Dry lowland forest (Vegnum 7: 20% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Concordia, Broadway 4251 (BM); Mason Hall, Broadway s.n. (BM); French Hill, Sandwith 1686 (K). TRINIDAD: Woodbrook, Broadway s.n. (BM); Arima-Blanchisseuse Road, Alston 5063 (BM). Global range: Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina.

Ayapana amygdalina (Lam.) R.M.King & H.Rob., Phytologia 20: 211 (1970) Syn: Eupatorium amygdalinum Lam. Habit : Shrub. Habitat: Stony savannas. IUCN: NE. Star: GN. Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Erin Savanna, Adams 14324 (TRIN). Global range: Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay.

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Ayapana trinitensis (Kuntze) R.M.King & H.Rob., Phytologia 20: 212 (1970) Syn: Baccharis trinitensis Kuntze ; Eupatorium squiresii Rusby ; Eupatorium trinitense (Kuntze) Rusby & B.L.Robinson Habit : Shrub. Habitat: Damp areas near water bodies. IUCN: NE. Star: GD. Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: San Fernando, Kuntze 932 (NY); Oropuche Lagoon, Finlay s.n. (TRIN 2566). Global range: Colombia, Venezuela.

Ayapana triplinervis (Vahl) R.M. King & H.Rob., Phytologia 20: 212 (1970) Syn: Eupatorium triplinerve Vahl Exotic.

Baccharis trinervis (Lam.) Pers., Syn. Pl. 2: 423 (1807) Habit: Shrub. Habitat: Thickets; common in association with mud volcanoes. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TRINIDAD: Princes Town. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 5: 3% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Palo Seco, Broadway 9243 (BM); San Francique to Buenos Ayres, Raynal 15636 (P); Bonasse, Philcox & Gillies 8288 (K). Global range: Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina.

Bidens cynapiifolia Kunth , Nov. Gen. Sp. 4: 185 (1818) Habit: Herb. Habitat: Roadsides and waste grounds in moist districts. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Mason Hall, Howard 10462 (BM); near Hillsborough Dam, Clement & Ryves 398 (BM). TRINIDAD: Without locality, Fendler 460 (BM, OXF). Global range: Bahamas, Cayman Islands, Greater Antilles, Virgin Islands, Lesser Antilles, Curaçao, Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay.

Bidens pilosa L., Sp. Pl. 2: 832 (1753) Syn: Bidens alba (L.) DC.; Bidens leucantha (L.) Willd. Common name: Jumbie Needle, Needle Bush, Needle Grass, Railway Daisy, Spanish needle, Zeb Zejwi. Habit: Herb. Habitat: Disturbed areas. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TOBAGO: SW Coastal; TRINIDAD: NW Peninsular Corner; Princes Town; SW Icacos-Cedros; Tabaquite-Brickfield; Tucker-Mt.Catherine. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 5: 6% RBS samples); Dry lowland forest (Vegnum 7: 30% RBS samples; Vegnum 8: 20% RBS samples); Swamp/marsh (Vegnum 11: 8% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Waller Field, Adams 13621 (TRIN); Farallon Rock, San Fernando, Broadway s.n. (BM); Aripo Savanna, Howard 10349 (BM); Mt. Harris Forest Reserve, Fosberg 42625 (BM). Global range: Bermuda, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, United States (Florida), Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay.

Brickellia diffusa (Vahl) A.Gray, Smithsonian Contr. Knowl. 3: 86 (1852) Syn: Coleosanthus diffusus (Vahl) Kuntze ; Eupatorium diffusum Vahl Habit : Herb. Habitat: Hillside thickets and banks. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TRINIDAD: Tabaquite-Brickfield. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 5: 3% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Without locality, Fendler 479 (BM, OXF); Scotland Bay, Adams 14650 (TRIN). Global range: Greater Antilles, Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina.

Calea solidaginea Kunth subsp. deltophylla (Cowan) Pruski, Fl. Venez. Guayana 3: 229 (1997) Habit: Shrub. Habitat: Roadside banks and waste lands. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TRINIDAD: NW Peninsular Corner; P.O.S.-Santa Cruz; San Fernando; SW Icacos-Cedros; Trinity Hills. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 3: 2% RBS samples; Vegnum 4: 3% RBS samples; Vegnum 5: 8% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Without locality, Fendler 472 (BM, OXF); Chacachacare, Baker & Simmonds s.n. (TRIN 14897); Blue Basin, Diego Martin, Broadway 5872 (BM); St. Anns, Broadway 9144 (BM); East Coast Road, near Balandra Bay, Adams 14178 (TRIN); Icacos, St. Quinton, Broadway 9322 (BM). Global range: Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, Brazil, Bolivia.

Calendula officinalis L., Sp. Pl. 921 (1753) Common Name: Pot Marigold, Stinking Suzy. Exotic.

Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees, Gen. & Sp. Aster. 222 (1833) Exotic.

Centratherum punctatum Cass., Dict. Sci. Nat. ed. 2, 7: 384 (1817) Syn: Centratherum muticum (Kunth) Less. Exotic.

Chaptalia nutans (L.) Polák, Linnaea 41: 582 (1877) Syn: Leria nutans DC. Common name: Doblan, Dos Blanc,

CHECKLIST TO VASCULAR PLANTS OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

Phytotaxa 250 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press • 109 Wild Gerbera . Habit: Herb. Habitat: Disturbed areas. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Parlatuvier, Broadway 4277 (BM, MO); Mt. St. George-Castara Road, Sandwith 1836 (K). TRINIDAD: Without locality, Fendler 464 (BM), Broadway 5056 (MO). Global range: Greater Antilles, Virgin Islands, Lesser Antilles, southern United States, Mexico, Central and South America.

Chromolaena ivifolia (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob., Phytologia 20: 202 (1970) Syn: Eupatorium ivaefolium L.; Osmia ivaefolia Sch.Bip. Habit : Shrub. Habitat: Savannas, roadsides and grassy places. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TRINIDAD: Chaguanas-Couva. RBS Vegetation Classes: Swamp/marsh (Vegnum 11: 8% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: St. Joseph Savanna, Adams 13480 (TRIN). Global range: Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Virgin Islands, Lesser Antilles, United States (Florida), Mexico, Central and South America.

Chromolaena laevigata (Lam.) R.M.King & H.Rob. Phytologia 20(3) 202 (1970) Syn: Eupatorium laevigatum Lam., Habit : Shrub. Habitat: Savannas and open hillsides. IUCN: LC. Star: NE. RBS Distribution Plots: TRINIDAD: Piarco-Arima. RBS Vegetation Classes: Savanna/plantation (Vegnum 12: 33% RBS samples). Global range: Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina.

Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob., Phytologia 20: 204 (1970) Syn: Eupatorium conyzoides Vahl ; Eupatorium odoratum L.; Osmia odorata Sch.Bip. Common name: Baby Bush, Bitter Bush, Christmas Bush, Female Christimas Bush, Fleur Noel. Habit: Shrub. Habitat: Roadside banks, fields, hillsides and waste places. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TOBAGO: E Coast; NE Coast-Main Ridge F.R.; SW Coastal; Scarborough-Plymouth; TRINIDAD: Caroni; Chaguanas-Couva; Grande Riviere-Matelot ; NW Peninsular Corner; P.O.S.-Santa Cruz; Princes Town; Rio Claro-Mayaro; SW Erin-Guapo; SW Icacos-Cedros; San Fernando; Southern Watershed; Tabaquite-Brickfield. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 3: 2% RBS samples; Vegnum 4: 5% RBS samples; Vegnum 5: 28% RBS samples); Dry lowland forest (Vegnum 7: 40% RBS samples; Vegnum 8: 60% RBS samples); Swamp/marsh (Vegnum 10: 33% RBS samples; Vegnum 11 23% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Rockley Vale, Broadway 3384 (BM); Crown Point, Clement & Ryves 74 (BM). TRINIDAD: Without locality, Fendler 474 (BM), Kuntze 758 (NY); Mt. St. Benedict, Stopford s.n. (BM); St. Anns, Broadway s.n. (BM); Aripo Savanna, Waller Field, Howard 10327 (BM). Global range: Widespread in subtropical and tropical Americas and the Caribbean.

Clibadium surinamense L., Mant. Pl. 294 (1771) Syn: Clibadium asperum (Aubl.) DC. ; Clibadium trinitatis DC. Habit : Shrub. Habitat: Savannas, hillsides, banks, disturbed areas and thickets. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TOBAGO: E Coast; TRINIDAD: Caroni; Chaguanas-Couva; Mt.St.Benedict-Caura; P.O.S.- Santa Cruz; Piarco-Arima; Princes Town; SW Erin-Guapo; SW Icacos-Cedros; Tucker-Mt.Catherine. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 3: 2% RBS samples; Vegnum 4: 3% RBS samples; Vegnum 5: 6% RBS samples); Dry lowland forest (Vegnum 7: 30% RBS samples); Savanna/plantation (Vegnum 12: 67% RBS samples); Swamp/marsh (Vegnum 11: 46% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Orange Hill, Broadway 4234 (BM); French Hill, Sandwith 1694 (K); Roxborough-Parlatuvier Road, Sandwith 1766 (K); Roxborough to Main Ridge Road, Clement & Ryves 281 (BM); Tobago Forest Reserve to Bloody Bay Road, Clement & Ryves 476 (BM). TRINIDAD: Without locality, Fendler 484 (BM, OXF); San Juan, Broadway 6387 (BM); Saddle to Piedra Blanca, Adams 13700 (TRIN); Arima-Blanchisseuse Road, Riley 82 (BM); Guanapo Station, Corstorphine & Corstorphine s.n. (BM); Guanapo Heights Road, Adams 13358 (TRIN); Aripo Road, Broadway 8032 (BM). Global range: Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia.

Clibadium sylvestre (Aubl.) Baill., Hist. Pl. (Baillon) 8: 307 (1882) Syn: Clibadium vargasii DC. Habit : Shrub. Habitat: Forests. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TOBAGO: NE Coast-Main Ridge F.R. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 4: 1% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: without locality, Lockhart s.n. (K), Crueger 268 (K). Global range: Lesser Antilles, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru.

Condylidium iresinoides (Kunth) R.M.King & H.Rob., Phytologia 24: 381 (1972) Syn: Eupatorium iresinoides Kunth Habit : Shrub. Habitat: Banks and thickets. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Without locality, Sieber 72 (BM, NY); Chaguaramas, Broadway 6641 (BM). Global range: Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia.

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Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 70: 632 (1943) Syn: Erigeron bonariensis L.; Leptilon bonariense Small Habit : Herb. Habitat: Disturbed areas. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TRINIDAD: Princes Town; Rio Claro-Mayaro; Tabaquite-Brickfield. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 4: 1% RBS samples; Vegnum 5: 6% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Hort Trin, Broadway s.n. (TRIN3436); Long Stretch, near Sangre Grande , Johnson 220 (TRIN 31047); Bois Neuf, Nariva Swamp, Johnson et al. 705 (TRIN 32492); Central Range Forest Reserve, Adams 14280 (TRIN 22523); Melajo Forest Reserve, Johnson et al. 202 (TRIN 31012); Madras Settlement Road, Caroni, Cheesman s.n. (TRIN 13167); Couva Bay, Britton s.n. (TRIN 2591);Caroni Swamp, Williams, s.n. (TRIN 12577); Government Farm, St. Augustine, Britton s.n. (TRIN 9649); Santa Cruz Valley, Cheesman (TRIN 13283). Global range: Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Virgin Islands, United States ( California, Carolinas , Florida), Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, Brazil, Ecuador, Galapagos Islands, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, Chile.

Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 70: 632 (1943) Syn: Erigeron canadensis L.; Leptilon pusillum Britton Common name: Fleabane. Habit: Herb. Habitat: Disturbed, stony ground. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Morne Catherine, Adams 14635 (TRIN); Icacos, St. Quinton, Broadway 9121 (BM). Global range: Turks & Caicos Islands, Cayman Islands, Greater Antilles, Virgin Islands, Lesser Antilles, United States, Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Surinam, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia.

Conyza floribunda Kunth , Nov. Gen. Sp. 4: 57 (1818) Exotic.

Conyza laevigata (Rich.) Pruski, Fl. Venez. Guayana 3: 255 (1997) Syn: Conyza apurensis Kunth ; Erigeron apurensis (Kunth) Griseb. ; Erigeron chinensis Jacq. ; Erigeron spathulatus Vahl Habit : Herb. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TRINIDAD: Caroni; Tabaquite-Brickfield. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 5: 3% RBS samples); Swamp/marsh (Vegnum 11: 8% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: North Coast Road, Baker s.n. (TRIN 14375). Global range: Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia.

Conyza primulifolia (Lam.) Cuatrec. & Lourteig, Phytologia 57: 471 (1985) Exotic.

Conyza sumatrensis (Retz.) E.H.Walker, J. Jap. Bot. 46: 72 (1971) Habit: Herb. Habitat: Weed of waste places, roadside banks, cultivated lands. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Caledonia, Broadway 4520 (BM); Highland, Broadway 4512 (BM); Bacolet, Sandwith 1794 (K); Mt. St. George-Castara Road, Sandwith 1839 (K); between Studley Park and Hillsborough Dam, Clement & Ryves 266 (BM). TRINIDAD: Tucker Valley, Adams 14136 (TRIN); Blanchisseuse, Broadway 7157 (BM); Woodbrook, Broadway 8092 (BM); Central Range Forest Reserve, Adams 14280 (TRIN); Tabaquite to Rio Claro, Broadway 6342 (BM); San Fernando, Broadway 6357 (BM); Oropuche Lagoon South, Adams 14114 (TRIN). Global range: Widespread in the subtropics and tropics.

Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg ex Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. 2: t.175 (1826) Exotic.

Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt., J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 2: 114 (1821) Exotic.

Cosmos bipinnatus Cav., Icon. 1: 10, t.14 (1791) Exotic.

Cosmos caudatus Kunth , Nov. Gen. Sp. 4: 240 (1820) Habit: Herb. Habitat: Roadsides and open places. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Without locality, Fendler 461 (BM, OXF); Maraval, Corstorphine & Corstorphine s.n. (BM); Moruga, Broadway 9264 (BM). Global range: Cayman Islands, Greater Antilles, Cayman Islands, Virgin Islands, Lesser Antilles, United States (Florida), Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia.

Cosmos sulphureus Cav. var. leiorhynchus Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 373 (1861) Exotic.

Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H.Rob., Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 103: 252 (1990) Syn: Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. Common Name: Iron Weed. Habit: Herb. Habitat: Waste and cultivated lands. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TOBAGO: SW Coastal; Scarborough-Plymouth; TRINIDAD: Caroni; Chaguanas-Couva; Princes Town; SW Icacos-Cedros. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 5: 3% RBS samples);

CHECKLIST TO VASCULAR PLANTS OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

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Dry lowland forest (Vegnum 7: 20% RBS samples; Vegnum 8: 40% RBS samples); Swamp/marsh (Vegnum 11: 31% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Without locality, Broadway 2542 (BM); Crown Point, Clement & Ryves 17 (BM). TRINIDAD: St. Augustine, Adams 13442 (TRIN); Palmiste, Broadway 7947 (BM). Global range: Widespread in the tropics.

Cyrtocymura scorpioides (Lam.) H.Rob., Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 100: 852 (1987) Syn: Vernonia scorpioides (Lam.) Pers. Common name: Rokshan, Ruction Bush, Wild Patchouli. Habit: Shrub. Habitat: Open places, disturbed roadsides, thickets and hillsides. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TRINIDAD: Nariva; SW Icacos-Cedros; Tucker-Mt.Catherine. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 5: 6% RBS samples); Dry lowland forest (Vegnum 7: 40% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: French Hill, Sandwith 1687 (K); near Little Bacolet Bay, Howard 10459 (BM, GH, NY); Crown Point, Clement & Ryves 75 (BM). TRINIDAD: North Post Road, Britton et al. 776 (GH); Maracas Bay, Broadway 6070 (BM); Four Roads to Mundo Nuevo, Adams 13378 (TRIN); Guayaguayare, Adams 13632 (TRIN); St. Quinton, Icacos, Broadway 9321 (BM). Global range: Greater Antilles, Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay.

Eclipta prostrata (L.) L., Mant. Pl. Alt. 286 (1771) Syn: Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk.; Verbesina alb a L. Common Name: Bhangra, Cogolala. Habit: Herb. Habitat: Weed of damp places. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TRINIDAD: Caroni; Chaguanas-Couva; Nariva. RBS Vegetation Classes: Dry lowland forest (Vegnum 7: 10% RBS samples); Swamp/marsh (Vegnum 11: 15% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Crown Point, Clement & Ryves 116 (BM). Global range: Widespread across subtropics and tropics.

Egletes florida Shinners, Lloydia 12: 248 (1950) Habit: Herb. Habitat: Roadsides. IUCN: NE. Star: GD. Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Castara, Broadway 4149 (BM, GH, NY). Global range: Lesser Antilles, Venezuela, Guyana.

Egletes prostrata (Sw.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 334 (1891) Syn: Egletes domingensis Cass. ; Matricaria prostrata Sw. Habit : Herb. Habitat: Ditches, dried-up ponds, beaches, waste ground and sometimes as an ornamental. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TRINIDAD: Nariva. RBS Vegetation Classes: Dry lowland forest (Vegnum 7: 10% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Toco Point, Galera, Broadway 7819 (BM); Cocos Bay, Mayaro, Adams 13658 (TRIN); Moruga, Britton & Broadway 2429 (GH, US). Global range: Greater Antilles, Virgin Islands, Lesser Antilles, Curaçao, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana.

Elaphandra verbesinoides (DC.) H.Rob., Phytologia 72: 148 (1992) Syn: Aspilia nigropunctata Blake ; Aspilia verbesinoides (DC.) Blake ; Gymnopsis verbesinoides DC. Habit : Herb. Habitat: Banks and roadsides in forest districts. IUCN: NE. Star: GD. RBS Distribution Plots: TOBAGO: NE Coast-Main Ridge F.R.; TRINIDAD: Arima-Blanchisseuse Rd N; Cumaca; Grande Riviere-Matelot. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 3: 10% RBS samples; Vegnum 5: 3% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Parlatuvier, Broadway 4607 (BM); Roxborough-Parlatuvier Road, Sandwith 1763 (K); Tobago Forest Reserve, Clement & Ryves 432 (BM). TRINIDAD: Tucuche, Britton et al. 1320 (NY); Arima-Blanchisseuse Road, near 10 m. p., Broadway 5863 (BM). Global range: Venezuela.

Elephantopus mollis Kunth , Nov. Gen. Sp. 4: 26 (1820) Syn: Elephantopus pilosus Philipson ; Elephantopus scaber L. var. tomentosus (L.) Sch.Bip. ex Baker Habit: Herb. Habitat: Weed of waste ground; roadside banks, hillsides and fields. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TRINIDAD: Central Range; Nariva; SW Icacos-Cedros; San Fernando; Southern Watershed. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 4: 1% RBS samples; Vegnum 5: 3% RBS samples); Dry lowland forest (Vegnum 7: 40% RBS samples); Savanna/ plantation (Vegnum 9: 14% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Near Hillsborough Dam, Clement & Ryves 404 (BM). TRINIDAD: Aripo Road, near 2.5 m.p., Broadway 8028 (BM); Ortinola Estate, Alston 5128 (BM). Global range: Widespread in subtropical and tropical Americas.

Elephantopus scaber L. var. albiflorus Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 335 (1891) Habit: Herb. Habitat: Waste places and roadsides. Star: BU. Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Santa Cruz, Kuntze 641 (NY). Global range: Greater Antilles.

Eleutheranthera ruderalis (Sw.) Sch. Bip., Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 24: 239 (1866) Syn: Ogiera ruderalis (Sw.)

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Griseb. Habit: Herb. Habitat: Waste and cultivated grounds. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TRINIDAD: Princes Town. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 5: 3% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Windward Road, near Goodwood, Adams & Baksh 457 (TRIN 2932). TRINIDAD: Trinity Trace, Moruga, Adams 14150 (TRIN22519); O'Mera Savanna, Adams & Kalloo 13423 (TRIN 20953); Navet Dam, Philcox & Andrews 8133 (TRIN 29322); Aripo Savanna, Richardson 676 (TRIN 17661); Arima-Blanchisseuse Road, Cheesman, s.n., (TRIN 13294). Global range: Widespread in subtropical and tropical Americas.

Emilia fosbergii Nicolson, Phytologia 32: 34 (1975) Common Name: Tassel Flower. Habit: Herb. Habitat: Disturbed areas. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TRINIDAD: Piarco-Arima. RBS Vegetation Classes: Savanna/plantation (Vegnum 12: 33% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Crown Point, Clement & Ryves 117 (BM). TRINIDAD: Woodbrook, Broadway 6325 (BM); Port of Spain, Wood 1714 (K); Guanapo Heights Road, Adams 13539 (TRIN); Brickfield, Jermy 2454 (BM). Global range: Widespread in subtropical and tropical Americas.

Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC., Prodr. 6: 302 (1838) Syn: Cacalia sonchifolia L. Common name: Cupid’s Paint Brush. Habit: Herb. Habitat: Disturbed areas. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TRINIDAD: Chaguanas-Couva; Princes Town; Tabaquite-Brickfield. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 5: 6% RBS samples); Swamp/marsh (Vegnum 11: 15% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: between Green Hill and Caledonia, Sandwith 1716 (K). TRINIDAD: Woodbrook, Broadway 6324 (BM); St. Augustine, Adams 13445 (TRIN); Mt. St. Benedict, Stopford s.n. (BM). Global range: Widespread in subtropical and tropical Americas.

Erechtites hieraciifolius (L.) Raf. ex DC., in DC., Prodr. 6: 294 (1838) Habit: Herb. Habitat: Disturbed areas. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TRINIDAD: Chaguanas-Couva. RBS Vegetation Classes: Swamp/marsh (Vegnum 11: 15% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Without locality, Broadway 4463 (S); Mason Hall, Broadway 4507 (BM, F); Roxborough to Main Ridge Road, Clement & Ryves 311 (BM). TRINIDAD: Without locality, Corstorphine & Corstorphine s.n. (BM); Caroni Swamp, Williams s.n. (TRIN 12579, K); Maracas, Broadway 6014 (BM); Waller Field, Adams 13627 (TRIN); New Road to Oropuche River, Adams 14303 (TRIN). Global range: Widespread in subtropical and tropical regions.

Fleischmannia microstemon (Cass.) R.M.King & H.Rob., Phytologia 19: 204 (1970) Syn: Eupatorium microstemon Cass. ; Eupatorium paniculatum Schrad. Habit : Herb. Habitat: Roadsides and disturbed ground, usually in moist shaded situations. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Mason Hall, Broadway 4506 (BM). TRINIDAD: Chacachacare, Broadway s.n. (TRIN 11297); Santa Cruz, Kuntze 626 (NY); St. Augustine, Adams 14159 (TRIN); Guanapo Heights Road, Adams 13540 (TRIN); San Fernando, Kuntze 967 (NY). Global range: Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Surinam, French Guiana, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia.

Fleischmannia pycnocephala (Less.) R.M.King & H.Rob., Phytologia 19: 205 (1970) Syn: Eupatorium pycnocephalum Less. Habit : Herb. Habitat: Damp areas. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Maracas Waterfall, Broadway s.n. (TRIN 5632). Global range: South-western United States, Mexico, Central America.

Gaillardia pulchella Foug., Mém. Acad. Sci. Paris 1786: 5 (1788) Exotic.

Gerbera jamesonii Adlam, Gard. Chron. ser. 3, 3: 775 (1888) Exotic.

Gynura aurantiaca (Blume) DC., Prodr. 6: 300 (1838) Exotic.

Hebeclinium macrophyllum DC. , in DC, Prodr. 5: 136 (1836) Syn: Eupatorium macrophyllum L. Common Name : Zeb Chat. Habit: Shrub. Habitat: Dry hillsides and thickets. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Great Dog River, Sandwith 1749 (K). Global range: Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina.

Helenium amarum (Raf.) H.Rock, Rhodora 59: 131. 1957 Exotic.

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Helianthus annuus L., Sp. Pl. 904 (1753) Exotic.

Helianthus tuberosus L., Sp. Pl. 905 (1753) Exotic.

Isocarpha atriplicifolia (L.) R.Br. ex DC. var. billbergiana (Less.) D.J.Keil & Steussy, Syst. Bot. 6: 271 (1981) Syn: Chelonanthus chelonoides (L.f.) Gilg; Isocarpha atriplicifolia (L.) R.Br. ex DC.; Isocarpha billbergiana Less. Habit : Herb. Habitat: Moist savannas and rice fields after harvest. IUCN: NE. Star: GD. Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Without locality, Fendler 477 (BM); Aripo, Corstorphine & Corstorphine s.n. (BM); Carapo, Adams 14410 (TRIN); Nariva Swamp, Adams 14258 (TRIN). Global range: Colombia, Venezuela.

Isocarpha oppositifolia (L.) Cass. subsp. achyranthes (DC.) Borhidi, Acta Bot. Hungarica 29: 212 (1983) Syn: Isocarpha oppositifolia (L.) Cass. subsp. achyranthes var. oppositifolia ; Isocarpha oppositifolia (L.) Cass. var. achyranthes (DC.) D.J.Keil & Steussy Exotic.

Isocarpha oppositifolia (L.) Cass. subsp. oppositifolia, Dict. Sci. Nat. (ed. 2)24: 19 (1822) Habit: Herb. Habitat: Stony or rocky places. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Windward, Broadway 4338 (BM). TRINIDAD: Pointe Gourde, Broadway 8087 (BM). Global range: Bahamas, Cayman Islands, Greater Antilles, Curaçao, Mexico, Central America, Venezuela.

Lactuca sativa L., Sp. Pl. 795 (1753) Exotic.

Lagascea mollis Cav., Anales Cienc. Nat. 6: 332, t. 44 (1803) Habit: Herb. Habitat: Damp, disturbed areas. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: San Fernando, Broadway 7946 (BM). Global range: Greater Antilles, Virgin Islands, Lesser Antilles, Mexico, Central America , Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina.

Launaea intybacea (Jacq.) Beauverd, Bull. Soc. Bot. Genève, sér. 2, 2: 114 (1910) Syn: Brachyramphus intybaceus DC. ; Lactuca intybacea Jacq. Habit : Herb. Habitat: Cliffs near the sea. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Chacachacare Island, [Finlay s.n.] (TRIN 2581), Baker s.n. (TRIN 14692), Johnson 897 (BM, TRIN 32765). Global range: Widespread in the subtropics and tropics.

Melanthera nivea (L.) Small, Symb. Antill. 7: 118 (1911) Syn: Melanthera aspera (Jacq.) Rich. ; Melanthera deltoidea Michx. Common name: Dog Bush. Habit: Shrub. Habitat: Sea sands, waste lands and hillsides. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TOBAGO: SW Coastal; TRINIDAD: Princes Town. RBS Vegetation Classes: Dry lowland forest (Vegnum 8: 20% RBS samples); Swamp/marsh (Vegnum 11: 8% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Pigeon Point, Sandwith 1707 (K). TRINIDAD: Cocos Bay, Adams 13657 (TRIN). Global range: Bahamas, Cayman Islands, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, United States (Florida), Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru.

Mikania broadwayi B.L.Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 68: 35 (1923) Habit: Climber. Habitat: Heights of Aripo. IUCN: CR. Star: BK. Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Aripo Heights, Broadway s.n. (K, GH, NY, TRIN 9828). Global range: Presumed endemic.

Mikania cordifolia (L.f.) Willd., Sp. Pl. 3: 1746 (1803) Syn: Mikania gonoclada DC. ; Mikania suaveolens Kunth Habit : Climber. Habitat: Open areas. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TRINIDAD: Arima Valley; Caroni; Nariva; Princes Town. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 4: 1% RBS samples; Vegnum 5: 3% RBS samples); Dry lowland forest (Vegnum 7: 10% RBS samples); Swamp/marsh (Vegnum 11: 8% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Chaguaramas, Comeau s.n. (BM); Moruga, Broadway s.n. (TRIN 7905). Global range: Greater Antilles, Virgin Islands, Lesser Antilles, United States (Florida), Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina.

Mikania gleasonii B.L.Robinson, Contr. Gray Herb. 73: 23 (1924) Syn: Mikania rotunda Griseb. Habit : Climber. Habitat: Montane forest. Star: BU. Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Tucuche, Crueger s.n. (TRIN 709). Global range: Guyanas to Venezuela.

Mikania guaco Bonpl., Pl. Aequinoct. 2: 84, t. 105 (1809–1811) Habit: Woody climber Habitat: Forest. IUCN:

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NE. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TRINIDAD: Arima-Blanchisseuse Rd N; Biche-Poole; Central Range; Guanapo-Chaguaramal; Southern Watershed; SW Erin-Guapo. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 3: 5% RBS samples; Vegnum 4: 3% RBS samples; Vegnum 5: 6% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Road to Bonaventure, Finlay s.n. in 1866 (TRIN 2019); Aripo Heights, Broadway s.n.(TRIN 9830), Caura Valley, Baker s.n. (TRIN 14316). Global range: Central and South America.

Mikania hookeriana DC., Prodr. 5: 195. (1836). Syn: Mikania badieri DC. , Mikania vitrea B.L.Rob. Habit : Woody climber. Habitat: Forest. IUCN: NE. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots TRINIDAD: Arima-Blanchisseuse Rd N; Brasso Seco; Cumaca; Grande Riviere-Matelot ; Maracas-Tucuche; Matura-Salybia; Rio Claro-Mayaro. RBS Vegetation Classes: (Sub-)Montane forest (Vegnum 1: 86% RBS samples; Vegnum 2: 50% RBS samples); Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 3: 8% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Tucuche, Broadway 7136 (BM), Freeman s.n. (TRIN 9052); Arima-Blanchisseuse Road, Broadway 6832 (BM); Quare River forests, Broadway 6875 (BM) Summit, Cerro del Aripo, Broadmeadow & Morean s.n. (TRIN 31669); Southern Cunapa Rd., Cheesman s.n. (TRIN 13317); Arima Valley Rd. Cowan & Simmonds 1216 (TRIN 16115); Las Lapas Trace, Purseglove 6414 (TRIN 17591); Aripo Road, Cheesman & Baker 145 (TRIN 13309). Global range: Lesser Antilles, Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia.

Mikania lindleyana DC. , in DC, Prodr. 5: 195 (1836) Habit: Climber. Habitat: Forests. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Mt. St. George-Castara Road, near 8.5 m.p., Cheesman s.n. (TRIN 13210). Global range: Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay.

Mikania micrantha Kunth , Nov. Gen. Sp. 4: 105 (1818) Syn: Mikania orinocensis Kunth Common Name : Guaco, Wako. Habit : Climber. Habitat: Hillside thickets. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TRINIDAD: Caroni; Grande Riviere-Matelot ; Longdenville-Talparo; Maracas-Tucuche; Nariva; Southern Watershed; Tabaquite-Brickfield. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 3: 2% RBS samples; Vegnum 4: 1% RBS samples; Vegnum 5: 8% RBS samples); Savanna/plantation (Vegnum 9: 14% RBS samples); Swamp/marsh (Vegnum 11: 15% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Pigeon Hill, Sandwith 1807 (K); between Studley Park and Hillsborough Dam, Clement & Ryves 265 (BM). TRINIDAD: Maracas, Broadway 6590 (BM); Arima-Blanchisseuse Road, 11 m. p., Broadway 7299 (BM); Guanapo Heights, Corstorphine & Corstorphine s.n. (BM); Eastern Main Road, Broadway 6815 (BM); Arena Government forests, Broadway 9175 (BM); Tamana, Broadway 7985 (BM). Global range: Tropical America, Greater and Lesser Antilles, Mexico, Central America, Venezuela, Guianas, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina.

Mikania psilostachya DC. , in DC, Prodr. 5: 190 (1836) Syn: Mikania scabra DC. ; Willoughbya scabra Kuntze Habit : Climber. Habitat: Savannas, palm islands, palm marsh and forest borders. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TOBAGO: NE Coast-Main Ridge F.R.; TRINIDAD: Arima-Blanchisseuse Rd N; Brasso Seco; Cumaca; Longdenville-Talparo; Matura-Salybia; Mt.St.Benedict-Caura; P.O.S.-Santa Cruz; Rampanalgas-Toco; SW Erin-Guapo; Trinity Hills. RBS Vegetation Classes: (Sub-)Montane forest (Vegnum 1: 13% RBS samples; Vegnum 2: 25% RBS samples); Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 3: 22% RBS samples); Savanna/plantation (Vegnum 9: 29% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Easterfield, Broadway 4006 (BM); Roxborough-Parlatuvier Road, Sandwith 1770 (K). TRINIDAD: Aripo Road, near 2 m. p., Broadway 6588 (BM); Eastern Main Road, Broadway 6816 (BM); Quare River, Broadway 6846 (BM); Quare Road, Broadway 6064 (BM); Aripo Savannna, Schwab 97 (BM); Tamana, Broadway 5607 (BM). Global range: Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia.

Mikania trinitaria DC. , in DC, Prodr. 5: 194 (1836) Habit: Climber. Habitat: Palm islands in savanna. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TRINIDAD: North Central Coast; SW Erin-Guapo; Trinity Hills. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 3: 2% RBS samples; Vegnum 4: 1% RBS samples); Savanna/ plantation (Vegnum 12: 33% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Morne Catherine, Adams 14603 (TRIN); Piarco Savanna, Britton & Britton 111 (GH, TRIN 13279); Carapo, Adams 14406 (TRIN). Global range: Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, Brazil.

Mikania vitifolia DC., Prodr. 5: 202 (1836) Syn: Mikania ambigens Urban ; Mikania boliviensis Lingelsh. ; Mikania cryptodonta B.L.Robinson ; Mikania gracilis Sch.Bip. ex Miq. ; Mikania punctata Klatt ; Mikania vitifolia DC. f. boliviensis (Lingelsh.) B.L.Robinson ; Mikania vitifolia DC. f. cryptodonta B.L.Robinson Habit : Climber.

CHECKLIST TO VASCULAR PLANTS OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

Phytotaxa 250 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press • 115 Habitat: Forest margins and open areas. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TRINIDAD: Arena-Cumuto; Central Range; Grande Riviere-Matelot ; Longdenville-Talparo; North Central Coast; Rampanalgas-Toco; SW Erin-Guapo; SW Icacos-Cedros. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 3: 3% RBS samples; Vegnum 4: 8% RBS samples); Savanna/plantation (Vegnum 9: 14% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Maraval, Broadway 7000 (BM); Piedra Blanca to Maracas Bay, Adams 13707 (TRIN); Arima-Blanchisseuse Road, Cheesman s.n. (TRIN 13298); Arena Government forests, Broadway 5102 (BM); Nariva Swamp, Adams 14260 (TRIN). Global range: Lesser Antilles, Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia.

Neurolaena lobata (L.) Cass., Trans. Linn. Soc. 12: 120 (1817) Common name: Zebapique. Habit: Herb. Habitat: Path and roadsides in forest areas. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TRINIDAD: Central Range; Grande Riviere-Matelot ; Rio Claro-Mayaro; SW Icacos-Cedros; Southern Watershed; Tucker-Mt.Catherine. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 4: 8% RBS samples; Vegnum 5: 3% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Above Speyside, Clement & Ryves 592 (BM). TRINIDAD: Morne Catherine, Adams 14620 (TRIN); Cumaca Road to Platanal junction, Adams 14333 (TRIN). Global range: Tropical Americas and the Caribbean.

Orthopappus angustifolius (Sw.) Gleason, Bull. New York Bot. Gard. 4: 238 (1906) Syn: Distreptus crispus Cass. ; Elephantopus angustifolius Sw. Habit : Herb. Habitat: Moist and stony savannas. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TRINIDAD: Chaguanas-Couva; North Central Coast; Piarco-Arima; SW Erin-Guapo. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 4: 1% RBS samples); Savanna/plantation (Vegnum 12: 67% RBS samples); Swamp/marsh (Vegnum 11: 8% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Piarco Savanna, Broadway s.n. (TRIN 4663), Philcox & Stoelzel 8365 (K); O’Meara Savanna, Adams 13411 (TRIN). Global range: Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, Chile.

Parthenium hysterophorus L., Sp. Pl. 2: 988 (1753) Common name: Bitterweed, Country Wormwood, White Head, Whitehead Broom, White Top, Wormwood. Habit : Herb. Habitat: Waste and cultivated grounds. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Scarborough, Broadway 4262 (BM); Crown Point, Clement & Ryves 18 (BM). TRINIDAD: Tolgate, Corstorphine & Corstorphine s.n. (BM). Global range: S ubtropical and tropical America and the Caribbean.

Pectis bonplandiana Kunth , Nov. Gen. & Sp. 4: 206 (1818) Syn: Pectis swartziana Less. Habit : Herb. Habitat: Savannas. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Piarco Savanna, Philcox & Philcox 8202 (K), Philcox & Stoelzel 8373 (K); Galera Point, Adams 14198 (TRIN). Global range: Greater Antilles, Mexico, Central America, Venezuela, Bolivia.

Pectis elongata Kunth var. floribunda (A.Rich.) D.J.Keil, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 62: 1229 (1975) Habit: Herb. Habitat: Disturbed areas. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Vegetation Classes: Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Churchill-Roosevelt Highway, Wood 1774 (K); Waller Field, Adams 13958 (TRIN). Global range: Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, French Guiana, Ecuador, Paraguay.

Pectis multiflosculosa (DC.) Sch.Bip., Bot, Voy. Herald 309 (1856) Syn: Pectis humifusa Sw. Habit : Herb. Habitat: Coastal rocks. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Hope beach, Broadway 4401 (BM, K); Bacolet Rocks, Williams s.n. (TRIN 11801), Sandwith 1933 (K); Little Rockley Bay, Philcox & Raynal 7833 (K). Global range: Mexico, Central America, Ecuador, Peru.

Pentacalia freemanii (Britton & Greenm.) Cuatrec., Phytologia 52: 164 (1982) Syn: Senecio freemanii Britton & Greenm. Habit : Shrub. Habitat: Heights of the Northern Range. IUCN: NE. Star: GD. Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Tucuche, Britton et al. 1292 (NY), Broadway 7742 (BM). Global range: Venezuela, Guyana.

Piptocarpha triflora (Aubl.) Benn. ex Baker, Fl. Bras. 6: 132 (1873) Syn: Monanthemum cruegeri Griseb. ; Piptocarpha cruegeri (Griseb.) Baker Habit : Shrub. Habitat: Forests. IUCN: NE. Star: BU. Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Caroni, Crueger s.n., (TRIN 869); Oropuche, [Finlay s.n.] (TRIN 2013). This species was last collected in Trinidad in 1865. Global range: Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, Brazil, Peru.

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Piptocoma acuminata (Kunth) Pruski, Novon 6: 98 (1996) Syn: Oliganthes condensata (Less.) Sch.Bip. ; Pollalesta condensata (Less.) Aristeg. Common name: Bois Pino, Pepperwood, Bois Zaviron, Poui Madame Jean. Habit: Tree. Habitat: Woodland on dry hillsides. IUCN: NE. Star: GD. RBS Distribution Plots: TRINIDAD: Mt.St.Benedict-Caura; NW Peninsular Corner; P.O.S.-Santa Cruz; Tucker-Mt.Catherine. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 4: 4% RBS samples; Vegnum 5: 3% RBS samples); Dry lowland forest (Vegnum 7: 10% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Without locality, Broadway 7738 (BM). Global range: Colombia, Venezuela.

Piptocoma milleri (J.R.Johnst.) Pruski, Novon 6: 100 (1996) Syn: Oliganthes milleri (J.R.Johnst.) Gleason ; Vernonia milleri J.R.Johnst. Habit : Tree. Habitat: Dry hillsides near the sea. IUCN: NE. Star: GD. Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Chacachacare, Finlay s.n. (TRIN 2037), Comeau 1400 (TRIN 32254); Monos Island, Britton et al. 2738 (GH, NY, US); Chaguaramas, Broadway 6639 (BM). Global range: Venezuela.

Pluchea carolinensis (Jacq.) G.Don, Hort. Brit. (ed.3) 350 (1839) Common name: Cereal Bush, Cure-all, Geritout, Sucrie Tout. Habit: Shrub. Habitat: Sandy disturbed ground and near the sea, common in association with mud volcanoes; banks, hillsides and thickets. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TOBAGO: SW Coastal; TRINIDAD: P.O.S.-Santa Cruz; Princes Town; Tabaquite-Brickfield. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 3: 2% RBS samples; Vegnum 4: 1% RBS samples; Vegnum 5: 8% RBS samples); Dry lowland forest (Vegnum 8: 40% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Chacachacare, [Finlay s.n.] (TRIN 2033), Coco Bay, Baker & Simmonds s.n. (TRIN 14899), Perruquier Bay, Cowan 1105 (TRIN 16087), Kalloo B571 (TRIN 21995), Johnson 712 (TRIN 32561); Woodbrook, Broadway 5844 (BM); St. Joseph Road, Broadway s.n. (BM); Palo Seco, Broadway 51 (BM). Global range: Bermuda, Bahamas, Turks & Caicos Islands, Cayman Islands, Greater Antilles, Virgin Islands, Lesser Antilles, United States (Florida), Mexico, Central America, Venezuela, Guyana.

Pluchea sagittalis (Lam.) Cabrera, Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 3: 36 (1949) Syn: Pluchea quitoc DC. Habit : Shrub. Habitat: Damp areas near sea, in association with mud volcanoes. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Cocorite, Cheesman s.n. (TRIN 13286); Woodbrook, Broadway 7490 (BM); Chaguanas, [Finlay s.n.] (TRIN 2046). Global range: Lesser Antilles, United States (Florida), Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, China.

Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass., Dict. Sci. Nat. (ed. 2) 43: 56 (1826) Syn: Cacalia porophyllum L.; Porophyllum ellipticum Cass. ; Porophyllum ellipticum Cass. var. genuinum Urban ; Porophyllum porophyllum Kuntze Common name: Shine Bush. Habit: Herb. Habitat: Roadsides and waste lands. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Scarborough, Broadway 4408 (BM); Roxborough-Parlatuvier Road, Sandwith 1758 (K). TRINIDAD: Teteron Bay, Broadway 6640 (BM); Woodbrook, Broadway s.n. (BM); Guanapo Heights Road, Adams 13542 (TRIN). Global range: Tropical America and the Caribbean.

Pseudelephantopus spicatus (B.Juss. ex Aubl.) C.F.Baker, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 12: 45, 55 (1902) Syn: Distreptus spicatus (B.Juss. ex Aubl.) Cass. ; Elephantopus spicatus B.Juss. ex Aubl. Common name: Ballier Diable, Better Man, Devil Broom, Man-Better-Man. Habit: Herb. Habitat: Grassy banks, fields and hillsides. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TOBAGO: NE Coast-Main Ridge F.R.; TRINIDAD: Southern Watershed. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 5: 6% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: between Studley Park and Hillsborough Dam, Clement & Ryves 256 (BM). TRINIDAD: Brasso Road, Adams 13815 (TRIN). Global range: Widespread in tropical America and the Caribbean.

Pseudelephantopus spiralis (Less.) Cronq., Madroño 20: 255. 1970 Syn: Pseudelephantopus funckii (Turcz.) Philipson ; Spirochaeta funckii Turcz. Exotic.

Pterocaulon alopecuroides (Lam.) DC. , in DC, Prodr. 5: 454 (1836) Habit: Herb. Habitat: Open savanna. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: St. Joseph Savanna, Philcox 8114 (K), Adams 13470 (TRIN); O’Meara Savanna, Purdie 113 (K); Mausica Savanna, Williams s.n. (K, TRIN 12588); Piarco Savanna, Broadway 7587 (BM). Global range: Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina.

Rolandra fruticosa (L.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 360 (1891) Syn: Rolandra argentea Rottb. Common name:

CHECKLIST TO VASCULAR PLANTS OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

Phytotaxa 250 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press • 117 Doblan, Dos Blanc. Habit: Shrub. Habitat: Natural savannas and moist waste grounds, becoming a weed of plantations. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TRINIDAD: Arima-Blanchisseuse Rd N; Manzanilla-Fishing Pond; Matura-Salybia; North Central Coast; P.O.S.-Santa Cruz; Piarco-Arima; Princes Town; SW Erin-Guapo; SW Icacos-Cedros; Sangre Grande-Valencia-Orop. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 3: 6% RBS samples; Vegnum 4: 4% RBS samples; Vegnum 5: 3% RBS samples); Dry lowland forest (Vegnum 7: 20% RBS samples); Savanna/plantation (Vegnum 9: 14% RBS samples; Vegnum 12: 33% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Scarborough, Broadway 4773 (BM); Bacolet, Sandwith 1752 (K). TRINIDAD: Chancellor Road, Corstorphine & Corstorphine s.n. (BM); Aripo Road, near 4 m. p., Broadway 5882 (BM); Aripo Savanna, Howard 10301 (BM); Cumuto, Adams 13760 (TRIN); Arena Forest Reserve, Adams 14208 (TRIN). Global range: Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, Brazil.

Senecio lucidus DC. , in DC, Prodr. 6: 411 (1838) Habit: Herb. Habitat: Forest. IUCN: NE. Star: GD. Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Based solely on a Sieber record, therefore must be treated as doubtful. Global range: Lesser Antilles.

Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 78: 114 (1996) Syn: Silphium trilobatum L.; Wedelia carnosa Rich. ; Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc. Common name: Carpet Daisy, Graveyard Daisy, Jampana Playera, Spanish Vervein, Veven Kwayib, Wild Daisy, Wild Vervein, Zebafam. Habit: Herb. Habitat: Grassy roadsides, sea beaches. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TRINIDAD: Arima-Blanchisseuse Rd N; Chaguanas-Couva; North Central Coast; SW Icacos-Cedros; San Fernando; Sangre Grande-Valencia-Orop. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 3: 3% RBS samples; Vegnum 4: 3% RBS samples; Vegnum 5: 6% RBS samples); Dry lowland forest (Vegnum 7: 10% RBS samples); Swamp/marsh (Vegnum 10: 33% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Greenhill, Broadway 4083 (BM). TRINIDAD: Hollis Reservoir, Adams 13575 (TRIN). Global range: Widespread in tropical Americas and the Caribbean.

Spilanthes urens Jacq., Enum. Syst. Pl. Carib. 28 (1760) Habit: Herb. Habitat: Sandy waste ground, mostly near the sea. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: St. Augustine, Adams 13817 (TRIN). Global range: Cayman Islands, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Curaçao, Brazil.

Stifftia chrysantha J.C.Mikan, Del. Fl. Faun. Bras. 1: t.1 (1820) Exotic.

Struchium sparganophorum (L.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 366 (1891) Syn: Sparganophorus vaillantii Crantz Habit : Herb. Habitat: Moist waste and cultivated ground. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TRINIDAD: Caroni; Princes Town; San Fernando. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 5: 6% RBS samples); Swamp/marsh (Vegnum 11: 8% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Buccoo Bay to Les Coteaux, Clement & Ryves 528 (BM). TRINIDAD: Melajo Forest Reserve, Adams 14039 (TRIN). Global range: Widespread in the tropics.

Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn., Fruct. 2: 456 (1791) Syn: Verbesina nodiflora L. Common name: Porter Bush. Habit: Herb. Habitat: Disturbed areas. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TOBAGO: NE Coast-Main Ridge F.R.; SW Coastal; TRINIDAD: NW Peninsular Corner; SW Erin-Guapo; San Fernando; Southern Watershed. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 4: 3% RBS samples; Vegnum 5: 6% RBS samples); Dry lowland forest (Vegnum 7: 10% RBS samples; Vegnum 8: 40% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Scarborough, Broadway 4305 (BM); Great Dog River Valley, Sandwith 1735 (K). TRINIDAD: Brickfield Teak Plantation, Jermy 2455 (BM). Global range: Widespread in the tropics.

Tagetes erecta L., Sp. Pl. 887 (1753) Exotic.

Tagetes patula L., Sp. Pl. 887 (1753) Common Name: Gainer, Marigold, Pot Marigold, Stinking Suzy, Susi. Exotic.

Tanacetum vulgare L., Sp. Pl. 2: 844 (1753) Common Name: Cassie Assay, Laman Gacia, Lucky Bush., Money Bush. Exotic.

Tithonia diversifolia (Hesler) A.Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 19: 5 (1883) Common Name: Fleur Soleil. Exotic.

118 • Phytotaxa 250 (1) © 2016 Magnolia Press

BAKSH-COMEAU ET AL.

Tithonia rotundifolia (Mill.) S.F.Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 52: 41 (1917) Syn: Tithonia speciosa (DC.) Hooker & Griseb. Exotic.

Tridax procumbens L., Sp. Pl. 2: 900 (1753) Exotic.

Trixis inula Crantz, Inst. Rei Herb. 1: 329 (1766) Syn: Inula trixis L.; Perdicium radiale L.; Trixis frutescens P.Browne ; Trixis radialis (L.) Kuntze Habit: Shrub. Habitat: Dry stony places. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Chacachacare, Baker s.n. (TRIN 15047), Cowan 1111 (TRIN 16036), Johnson 870 (TRIN 32737). Global range: Greater Antilles, Virgin islands, Lesser Antilles, southern United States, Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru.

Vernonia remotiflora Rich., Actes Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 1: 112 (1792) Syn: Lepidaploa remotiflora (Rich.) H.Rob. ; Lepidaploa trinitatis (Ekman) H.Rob. ; Vernonia trinitatis Ekman Habit : Shrub. Habitat: Coastal banks and bluffs. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TRINIDAD: Mt.St.Benedict-Caura. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 4: 1% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Teteron Bay, Cheesman s.n. (TRIN 13305), Keeley & Keeley 1945 (BM). Global range: Widely distributed through the Americas from Mexico to Argentina.

Wedelia calycina Rich., Syn. Pl. 2: 490 (1807) Syn: Wedelia caracasana DC. ; Wedelia jacquini Rich. var. caracasana O.E.Schulz Habit : Shrub. Habitat: Palm marsh and disturbed areas and banks and borders of woods. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TRINIDAD: Chacachacare; NW Peninsular corner. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 4: 1% RBS samples); Dry lowland forest (Vegnum 6: 10% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TRINIDAD: Chacachacare, Richardson 902 (TRIN 16083), Kalloo B586 (TRIN 21987), Comeau 1387 (TRIN 32241), Johnson 741 (TRIN 32529); Monos Island, Howard 10407 (BM); Teteron Bay, Broadway 6760 (BM); Aripo Savanna, Corstorphine & Corstorphine s.n. (BM); Cumuto, Broadway 6614 (BM). Global range: Greater Antilles, Virgin Islands, Lesser Antilles, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru.

Wedelia fructicosa Jacq., Enum. Syst. Pl. 28 (1760) Habit: Shrub. Habitat: Open areas. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: Rockley Vale, Broadway s.n. (BM). Global range: Virgin Islands, Lesser Antilles, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, French Guiana, Guyana.

Wulffia baccata (L.f.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 373 (1891) Syn: Coreopsis baccata L.; Tilesia baccata (L.) Pruski; Wulffia stenoglossa DC. Habit : Shrub. Habitat: Roads and trailsides in wooded areas and thickets. IUCN: LC. Star: GN. RBS Distribution Plots: TOBAGO: E Coast; Scarborough-Plymouth; TRINIDAD: Arena-Cumuto; Arima-Blanchisseuse Rd N; Aripo Heights; Catshill-Basse Terre; Central Range; Chacachacare; Grande Riviere-Matelot ; Longdenville-Talparo; Manzanilla-Fishing Pond; Maracas-Tucuche; Mt.St.Benedict-Caura; NW Peninsular Corner; North Central Coast; P.O.S.-Santa Cruz; Princes Town; Rampanalgas-Toco; Rio Claro-Mayaro; SW Erin-Guapo; SW Icacos-Cedros; San Fernando; Southern Watershed; Tabaquite-Brickfield; Trinity Hills; Tucker-Mt.Catherine. RBS Vegetation Classes: Moist lowland forest (Vegnum 3: 11% RBS samples; Vegnum 4: 36% RBS samples; Vegnum 5: 44% RBS samples); Dry lowland forest (Vegnum 6: 10% RBS samples; Vegnum 7: 60% RBS samples); Savanna/plantation (Vegnum 9: 43% RBS samples). Vouchers (selected): TOBAGO: near Hillsborough Dam, Clement & Ryves 399 (BM). TRINIDAD: Guanapo Heights Road, Adams 13368 (TRIN); Valencia Forest, Adams 11315 (TRIN); Mt. Harris Forest Reserve, Fosberg 42626 (BM); Nariva Swamp, Adams 14366 (TRIN). Global range: Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, Ecuador, Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina.

Youngia japonica (L.) DC., Prodr. 7: 194 (1838) Exotic.

Zinnia peruviana L., Syst. Nat. (ed.10) 2: 1221 (1759) Exotic.