Lophocebus ugandae, Matschie, 1913

Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands & Don E. Wilson, 2013, Cercopithecidae, Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, pp. 550-755 : 657

35.

Ugandan Crested Mangabey

Lophocebus ugandae

French: Lophocebe d'Ouganda / German: Uganda-Mangabe / Spanish: Mangabey de Uganda

Taxonomy. Cercocebus (Leptocebus) albigena ugandae Matschie, 1913 ,

Uganda, Chagwe, Nile mouth at Lake Albert. Restricted by C. P. Groves in 2007 to Chagwe, “a large area north of Lake Victoria, east of Kampala, west of the Nile and Jinja, and a little northwards toward Bugerere, more correctly called Kyagwe.”

Some experts consider L. ugandae to be a subspecies of L. albigena . It was separated from L. johnstoni by Groves in his 2007 review of the genus. Whether L. ugandae intergrades with L. johnstoni is not known. Monotypic.

Distribution. Uganda, along the N & NW shores of Lake Victoria, including Mabira Forest (most likely the type locality), Bujuko and Bukasa Forests, and along the E side of the Albertine Rift, especially in Kibale Forest National Park and the Bukoma area; it is also found in Sango Bay Forest and in Minziro Forest, NW Tanzania, both parts of the Minziro-Sango Bay Transboundary Site.

Descriptive notes. Head-body 54-70 cm (males) and 42-61 cm (females), tail 65— 75 cm (males) and 55-65 cm (females); weight 6-10 kg (males) and 4-6 kg (females). As in other species of crested mangabeys ( Lophocebus ), fur of the Ugandan Crested Mangabey is soft and long, being generally dark gray-brown or blackish-brown with a ragged tail and a tufted crown. Eyebrow tufts form “horns” as they do in the Graycheeked Mangabey ( L. albigena ) and Johnston’s Mangabey ( L. johnstoni ). A longer, paler mantle on the shoulders (more prominent in the males) runs continuous with rather thin, grayish, or pale whitish cheek whiskers. Skin of the face is entirely black. Pelage characteristics of the Ugandan Crested Mangabey need to be restudied, but the evidence to date indicates that its mantle contrasts more with the general body color than it does in the pelage ofJohnston’s Mangabey. When standing quadrupedally, tail is often held vertically with the tip curved forward. The Ugandan Crested Mangabeyis probably the smallest species of the crested mangabeys. Males are larger than females, but sexual dimorphism is not as pronounced as in the other species.

Habitat. Primary and some secondary tropical, semi-deciduous, flooded, and gallery forest. Ugandan Crested Mangabeys are most typically found in dense evergreen forest where it prefers the middle and upperlayers of the canopy.

Food and Feeding. In two studies conducted in Kibale Forest National Park, diets of Ugandan Crested Mangabeys consisted of 35-78% fruit, 2-10% leaves, 1-8% flowers, and 0-9% animal matter. They used 51 and 65 different plant species, respectively. Hard foods make up a considerable proportion of the diet of all mangabey species, including the Ugandan Crested Mangabey, and their thick enamelis regarded as an adaptation.

Breeding. In Kibale Forest, the interbirth interval is ¢.33 months, the mean length of the ovarian cycle is 47 days (range 8-184), and the gestation period is ¢.186 days. In captivity, the average cycle length (30 days) and gestation (175 days) are shorter. Female Ugandan Crested Mangabeys develop a sexual swelling similar to that of female baboons. Males and females form consortships (they stay close together) during the female’s periovulatory period, but males,it seems, are unable to monopolize females at this time to the same extent as observed in some baboon species. Females typically solicit copulation from multiple males. Females vocalize during and shortly after copulation. Males produce a distinctive loud call, the “whoop-gobble.”

Activity patterns. Ugandan Crested Mangabeys are diurnal and arboreal. They rarely descend to the ground.

Movements, Home range and Social organization. Ugandan Crested Mangabeys live in multimale—multifemale groups of five to as many as 30 individuals, but usually less than 20. Larger groups contain more than one adult male (ratio of males to femalesis 1:2-4). Average home range in Kibale Forest is 155 ha, and daily movements are 0-8-1-5 km. Population densities are variable, from less than 4 ind/km? to 8-10 ind/km?. In Kibale Forest, their numbers are high at 34 ind/km?, but in gallery forest, densities can reach 77 ind/km?. Males and females probably form dominance hierarchies, but this has been confirmed only for captive animals. Males usually leave their natal groups after reaching maturity. Like other species of crested mangabey, the Ugandan Crested Mangabey is often found in polyspecific associations with Blue Monkeys ( Cercopithecus mitis ), Red-tailed Monkeys ( C. ascanius ), Ashy Red Colobus ( Piliocolobus tephrosceles ), and Guerezas ( Colobus guereza ).

Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. The Ugandan Crested Mangabey has not been assessed on The IUCN Red List. It is listed as Class B in the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Ugandan Crested Mangabeys are hunted for food in some areas and occasionally shot as a crop pest. They occur in four protected areas: Kibale Forest National Park, Mabira Forest Reserve, and Bugoma Forest Reserve in Uganda and Minziro Forest Reserve in Tanzania. In Kibale Forest, the population seems to have been stable in recent decades.

Bibliography. Arlet & Isbell (2009), Arlet, Grote et al. (2009), Arlet, Molleman & Chapman (2008), Brown (2011), Chalmers (1968a, 1968b, 1973), Chancellor & Isbell (2009a, 2009b), Chancellor et al. (2011), Chapman & Chapman (2000), Fleagle (1999), Freeland (1979a, 1979b, 1980), Gautier-Hion et al. (1999), Groves (1978, 2001, 2005b, 2006b, 2007a), Grubb (2006), Hill (1974), Horn (1987a), Janmaat, Byrne & Zuberbuhler (2006a, 2006b), Janmaat, Olupot et al. (2009), Jolly (2007), Kingdon (1971, 1997), Lambert (2005, 2011b), Lwanga (2006), Lwanga et al. (2011), Matschie (1912), O'Driscoll Worman & Chapman (2005, 2006), Olupot (1998, 1999/2000, 2000), Olupot & Waser (2001, 2005, 2013), Olupot, Chapman, Brown & Waser (1994), Olupot, Chapman & Waser (1997), Olupot, Waser & Chapman (1998), Perkin & Bearder (2003), Plumptre & Cox (2006), Rowell & Chalmers (1970), Struhsaker (1979), Struhsaker & Leakey (1990), Struhsaker & Leland (1979), Stuart & Stuart (2006), Swedell (2011), Teelen (2007), Wallis (1979, 1981, 1983), Waser (1975, 1976, 1977a, 1977b, 1980, 1982), Waser & Floody (1974), Waser & Homewood (1979).

Figures

On following pages: 16. Arunachal Macaque (Macaca munzala); 17. Tibetan Macaque (Macaca thibetana); 18. Stump-tailed Macaque Macaca arctoides); 19. Long-tailed Macaque (Macaca fascicularis); 20. Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta); 21. Japanese Macaque (Macaca fuscata); 22. Taiwanese Macaque (Macaca cyclopis).

Distribution. Uganda, along the N & NW shores of Lake Victoria, including Mabira Forest (most likely the type locality), Bujuko and Bukasa Forests, and along the E side of the Albertine Rift, especially in Kibale Forest National Park and the Bukoma area; it is also found in Sango Bay Forest and in Minziro Forest, NW Tanzania, both parts of the Minziro-Sango Bay Transboundary Site.