Presbytis femoralis (Martin, 1838)
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publication ID |
https://doi.org/ 10.5281/zenodo.6867065 |
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DOI |
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6863380 |
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persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CE199B17-FF96-FF9C-FA07-66C7FBA6FB32 |
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Jonas |
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scientific name |
Presbytis femoralis |
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106. View Plate 47: Cercopithecidae
Banded Langur
Presbytis femoralis View in CoL
French: Langur malais / German: Bindenlangur / Spanish: Langur listado
Other common names: East Sumatran Banded Langur (percura), Raffles’s Banded Langur (femoralis), Robinson's Banded Langur (robinson)
Taxonomy. Semnopithecus femoralis Martin, 1838 View in CoL ,
Singapore.
P. femoralis is yet another highly variable langur, particularly in the color pattern of its head and in the direction of hairs on its chest. Until recently it was considered a subspecies of P. melalophos . Three subspecies recognized.
Subspecies and Distribution.
P.f.femoralisMartin,1838—SPeninsularMalaysia(extremeSofPahangandJohorstates)andSingapore.
P.f.percuraLyon,1908—CESumatra,inasmallareabetweentheRokanandSiakrivers.
P. f. robinsoni Thomas, 1910 — S Myanmar, S Thailand (from 13° 50’ N in Phetchaburi Province), and NW Peninsular Malaysia (S to Larut Hills, Perak State). View Figure
Descriptive notes. Head-body 43-61 cm,tail 61-84 cm; weight 5.9-8.2 kg. The Banded Langur is generally dark brown or blackish above, with a white underside (continuous with a prominent zone of white on outsides of thighs). Interorbital region is wider than in the Black-crested Sumatran Langur ( P. melalophos ), and white eye-rings are present. Crown crest is shaggy and ill-defined. “Raffles’s Banded Langur™ (FP. f. femoralis ) is blackish above with a red-brown head and a gray underside bisected by a white median line. There is no white under tail or on limbs. A pair of whorls is present on crown, with a long crest between (or, alternately, one of the pair may be suppressed). Hairs are directed backward on chest, forming a short crest where they meet forward-directed belly hairs. Singaporean individuals are darker ventrally and are slightly smaller than those from the mainland. “Robinson’s Banded Langur” ( P. f. robinsoni ) is gray-brown or blackish-brown, with a white underside. Chest, hands, and feet are black, and inner surfaces of limbs are white nearly to heels. Face (including eyelids) is black, with only a patch around the mouth being white. There are either one or two whorls on the crown. Whitish morphs have been reported. The “East Sumatran Banded Langur” ( P. f. percura ) is mainly blackish above, with a gray head and a white underside. White underside is narrow but extends horizontally across chest, down inner sides of limbs in thin stripes to wrists and ankles, and to cheeks and chin. Part of the ventral surface oftail is indistinctly white. Its throat and face are gray, and there are narrow, pale eyerings. One (sometimes two) whorls are set well back on its crown. Hairs on the chest are directed backward.
Habitat. Primary and secondary rainforest, swamp, mangrove forest, and rubber tree plantations. The Banded Languris found in taller trees of swampy peat forest on the Malay Peninsula, but in Singapore,it is found in primary and secondary forest and swamp and dry-land rainforests.
Food and Feeding. The Banded Langur eats mainly young leaves and fruits, along with seeds, flowers ( Myristica superba, Myristicaceae ), buds, and fungi. In one study, fruits comprised more than 50% of the diet. It also ingests soil.
Breeding. Female Banded Langurs usually initiate sexual interactions. A proceptive female approaches a male and crouches in front of him, presenting her hindquarters with her tail drooping for c.5 seconds. She crouches and lifts her hindquarters repeatedly. The male usually raises her tail and examines and manipulates her genitalia briefly and then grasps her hips with his hands and her legs with his feet to mount. Each 5-15 second mount involves about ten thrusts. Males sometimes mount two or three times before ejaculating. Infants are whitish-gray, with a distinctive, dark cross pattern along their back and shoulders.
Activity patterns. Banded Langurs are diurnal and arboreal. An activity budget recorded for the Banded Langur was 50-2% resting, 32:4% foraging and feeding, 10-4% traveling, 3-3% engaging in social activities, and 3-5% engaging in other miscellaneous activities. Groups usually sleep high up in the forest canopy, sometimes spread out in three to seven differenttrees.
Movements, Home range and Social organization. Social groups of Banded Langurs are unimale-multifemale and typically of 4-10 individuals. Home ranges of four groups averaged 23-4 ha (range 16-6-33-1 ha). Daily travel distances averaged 936 m (range 475-1500 m).
Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red Lust, including the subspecies robinsoni. The nominate subspecies femoralis is classified as Vulnerable and percura as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. In 2006, less than 20 individuals were known to remain in Singapore, although juveniles were observed. The overall abundance of the Banded Langur is poorly known. Habitat loss in the form of deforestation and conversion to plantations (mainly oil palm) is the major threat throughout its range. The Banded Langur occurs in at least six protected areas: Raffles’s Banded Langur in Bukit Timah Nature Reserve in Singapore; East Sumatran Banded Langur in Giam Duri Nature Reserve and Siak Kecil Nature Reserve in Sumatra, Indonesia; and Robinson’s Banded Langur in Tanintharyi National Park in Myanmar and Kaeng Krachan National Park and Khao Sok National Park in Thailand. Further studies on the taxonomy, distribution, abundance, and threats to the Banded Langur are urgently needed.
Bibliography. Aimi & Bakar (1992, 1996), Bennett (1986, 1988b), Brandon-Jones (1999), Brandon-Jones & Megantara (2011), Brandon-Jones et al. (2004), Curtin (1976), Groves (2001), Johns (1985b), Kawamura (1984), Lucas et al. (1988), Megantara (1989), Miller (1934), Nijman et al. (2008a), Pitra et al. (1995), Sewellenggam & Bennett (1981), Sewellenggam & Kavanagh (1981b), Wilson & Wilson (1976).
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