Pectinaria antipoda Schmarda, 1861

Hutchings, P. & Peart, R., 2002, A Review of the Genera of Pectinariidae (Polychaeta) Together with a Description of the Australian Fauna, Records of the Australian Museum 54, pp. 99-127 : 112-118

Pectinaria antipoda Schmarda

Figs. 9A–B, 10A–C, 12A–B, 13, Tables 4, 6

Pectinaria antipoda Schmarda, 1861: 46 .– Nilsson, 1928: 69–73.– Knox & Cameron, 1971: 34.– Stephenson et al., 1974: 114 (in part).– Poore et al., 1975: 30. Not Monro, 1931: 28.

Pectinaria (Pectinaria) cf. antipoda .– Hartmann-Schröder, 1979: 145–146.

Cistenides antipoda Augener, 1927: 231–234 .

Pectinaria sp 1 .– Hutchings et al., 1993: 10.

Type material. NEOTYPE: BMNH 1886.8.20.1, 22 mm long, 7.0 & 5.5 mm wide.

Type locality. New South Wales: Port Jackson, Sydney , 33°51'S 151°16'E .

Additional material examined. WESTERN AUSTRALIA: N . end of Oyster Harbour , 35°03'S 117°50'E, 21.vii.1963, 5.5 m, mud, 1, WAM 45-96 *; 0.8 km SE of Mistaken I ., King George Sound , 35°03'S 117°58'E, 21.vii.1963, 31.1 m, 1, WAM 47-96 *; Bremmer Bay , 34°24'S 119°25'E, 13.i.1979, 1, WAM 31-96 *; Albany , 35°0'S 117°52'E, 1, MV F 78899 ; 3.2 km NW of Bussleton Jetty , 33°39'S 115°20'E, 12.iv.1963, 21.9–23.8 m, Posidonia and Cymodosa patches and sand, 6, WAM 42-96 *; Gnarup Reef, Margaret River , 33°54'S 115°50'E, 3.ix.1987, sandy rockpool, 1, WAM 39-96 *; Rottnest I ., Pocillopora Reef , 32°00'S 115°30'E, 14.i. 1991, 3 m, 4, AM W 25406 *; 3.2 km WNW of Cottesloe , 31°59'S 115°45'E, 5.v.1960, 7.3 m, 1, WAM 400-75 *; Dampier Archipelago, Norbill Bay , Rosemary I ., 20°29'S 116°35'E, 21.v.1972, 1.8–3.6 m, 2, WAM 354-75 *; Mermaid Sound , 20°38'S 116°29'E, 10.ii.1981, 1, WAM 38-96 *; lagoon between Trimoville and Alpha I ., 20°24'31"S 115°32'33"E, 13.viii.1993, 3– 5 m, silty grey sand, 1, WAM 34-96 *; Broome , 18°58'S 122°14'E, 1, HZM P 16615 . QUEENSLAND: Heron I ., Great Barrier Reef , 23°27'S 151°55'E, 29.viii. 1984, 10 m, 1, AM W200622 *; Dunwich , 27°30'S 153°24'E, 28.vi.1963, 1, QM G3600 *; 2.4 km S of SW Rocks, Peel I ., Moreton Bay , 27°30'S 153°21'E, December 1970, sand, shell, mud, 1, QM G 10400 *. NEW SOUTH WALES: Port Jackson , 33°51'S 151°16'E, 2, BMNH 1886.8.20.2–3; Sydney , E of Malabar, 33°50'S 151°17'E, 29.v. 1973, 83 m, 2, AM W6462 *; Port Hacking, Gunamatta Bay , 34°05'S 151°10'E, October 1957, muddy sand at LWM, 5, AM W3672 *; Bass Point , 34°36'S 150°54'E, 29.x.1990, 65– 70 m, 1, AM W 25418 *; Jervis Bay, Green Point , 35°01'00"S 150°45'12"E, 18.vi. 1991, 12 m, 3, AM W 25424 *; Jervis Bay, Plantation Point ( S), 35°04'48"S 150°41'48"E, 18.vi. 1991, 20 m, 1, AM W 25425 *; Jervis Bay, Montagu Roadstead , 35°02'12"S 150°46'00"E, 5.vi. 1990, 12 m, 2, AM W 25428 *; Jervis Bay, Hole in the Wall , 35°07'36"S 150°44'48"E, 18.vi. 1991, 12 m, 1, AM W 25426 *; Jervis Bay, Honeymoon Bay , 35°03'48"S 150°45'24"E, 5.vi. 1989, 20 m, 1, AM W 25614 *, 4, AM W 21203 *, 2, AM W 25423 *, 21.ii.1991, 2, AM W 25420 *, 21.viii.1989, 1, AM W 25421 *, 27.ii.1990; Eden , 37°04'S 149°55'E, 13.ix.1914, 9.1 m, 1, HZM V-9562*. VICTORIA: Port Phillip Bay , 38°21'S 144°51'30"E, 9.xii. 1971, 9 m, 1, AM W 16203 *; SW of Sandringham , 37°58'S 144°59'E, 19.iv.1959, 2, MV F 41676 *; front of Popes Eye Beacon , 38°16'S 144°42'E, 28.ii. 1982, 7 m, sand, 1, MV F 78892 *, 1, MV F 41681 ; 2, MV F 41676 ; off Werribee , 38°00'00"S 144°42'54"E, 19.xi. 1971, 7 m, sand, 1, MV F 78908 *; Port Phillip Heads , 37°58'S 144°54'E, 1, BMNH 1885.11.19.79; W Bass Strait , 11 km SSW of Cape Otway, 38°58'18"S 143°29'12"E, 8.x. 1980, 68 m, sand, 2, MV F 78889 *; 30 km S of Cape Otway , 39°06'48"S 143°37'36"E, 23.xi. 1981, 92 m, sandy coarse shell, 2, MV F 78891 *; 47 km E of Cape Rochon, Three Hummock I ., 40°23'48"S 145°32'E, 3.xi. 1980, 66 m, mud-shell-sand, 1, MV F 78920 ; 42 km SW of Babel I ., 40°13'48"S 148°39'36"E, 60 m, muddy sand, 2, MV F 78928 ; 94 km NE of North Point, Flinders I ., 38°53'42"S 147°55'12"E, 17.xi. 1981, 71 m, shelly sand, 2, MV F 78929 *; 46 km SW of Lakes Entrance , 38°17'S 147°29'E, 31.vii.1983, 29– 31 m, 2, MV F 78938 *;

n. r. character not recorded.

* Only a selection of records are given based on the literature to indicate distribution of species, however distributions outside the region of the type locality require verification.

k [ abranchiata ] Re-recorded from India ( Fauvel, 1953). Notochaetae narrow winged some straight with spinous tips. Characterised by absence of branchiae.

l [ australis ] Additional records from New Zealand ( Augener, 1926). (Redescribed by Nilsson, 1928). (Examined material from type locality). Notochaetae with finely serrated tips.

m [ bocki ] Recorded by Nilsson, 1928 & Imajima & Hartman (1964) Annenkova (1929) described a variety of this species.

n [ koreni ] Recorded from Bering Sea ( Annenkova, 1929); Swedish west coast ( Hessle, 1917; Nilsson, 1928); North Sea, English Channel, Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean, Adriatic ( Fauvel, 1927; Holthe, 1986). o [ neapolitana ] Records: Mediterranean Sea ( Hessle, 1917; Nilsson, 1928); Black Sea ( Annenkova, 1929); southwest Africa ( Day, 1967).

n. r. character not recorded.

* Only a selection of records are given based on the literature to indicate distribution of species, however distributions outside the region of the type locality require verification.

p [ aegyptia ] Recorded from Red Sea, Mozambique, Japan? ( Nilsson, 1928; Imajima & Hartman, 1964; Marenzeller, 1879; Grube, 1870; Gravier, 1906).

q [ antipoda ] Recorded from New Zealand ( Ehlers, 1904), SE Australia (Nilsson, 1927; Augener, 1927); Gulf of Oman ( Wesenberg-Lund, 1949); Persian Gulf ( Fauvel, 1953); Broome, WA ( Hartmann-Schröder, 1979). Non-Australian material needs checking.

r [ belgica ] Recorded from: Swedish west coast ( Hessle, 1917); North Sea; Irish Sea; Atlantic Coast of West Ireland ( Fauvel, 1927); Boreal Atlantic Ocean (Nilsson, 1927); North Sea, Scandinavia ( Holthe, 1986).

s [ californiensis newportensis] Known only from original record, differs from stem species in shape and colour of paleae and shape of scaphal hooks.

u [ gouldii ] Recorded as P. belgica on East coast of USA and West Indies ( Gould, 1841; Nilsson, 1928; Long, 1973).

v [ regalis ] Recorded from Bermuda, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Barbados, Florida, Bonaire, Georgia ( Long, 1973).

Bennison Channel , 1 km S of Granite I ., 38°49'S 146°23'E, 23.xi. 1983, 6 m, sand, shell, grit, 1, MV F 78901 *. Tasmania: Midway Point , 42°48'S 147°32'E, 9.xii.1973, 1, TMAG K937 *; Tasman Peninsula, Fortescue Bay , 43°08'S 147°57'E, 7.vi. 1977, 10 m, sand, 1, TMAG K935 *; Tasman Peninsula, Koonya , 43°04'S 147°49'E, 26.v.1974, muddy sand, 1, TMAG K432 *; Tinderbox , 43°04'S 147°20'E, 18.iii. 99, 8 m, 1, AM W 26160 *; North East River , 39°45'S 147°56'E, 8.iv.97, low water mark, 1, AM W 26161 *; Dennes Point , 43°05'S 147°21'E, 28.iii. 99, 5 m, 2, AM W 26162 *; Creeses Mistake , 43°07'S 147°47'E, 30.iv.99, 15.5 m, 3, AM W 26163 *; Simmonds Point , 43°12'S 147°17'E, 29.i.99, 17.9 m, 2, AM W 26164 *. SOUTH AUSTRALIA: Nuyts Archipelago, Franklin I ., N of West I ., 32°27'S 133°40'E, 14.iv.1983, 6– 8 m, sandy seagrass beds, 1, SAM E3042 *; Sir Joseph Banks Group , W side of Kirkby I ., 34°33'S 136°13'E, 31.i.1986, 3–10.7 m, reef rubble, sand and Posidonia , 8, SAM E3076 *; E of Lusby Rocks, between Lusby and Partney I ., 34°32'S 136°15'30"E, 24.i.1986, 3–4.6 m, reef, rubble, sand and Posidonia , 3, SAM E3088 *; cove at S end of Reevesby I ., 34°32'S 136°17'E, 24.i.1986, 3–6.1 m, reef, deep crevices and sand pockets, 1, SAM E3086 *; Kangaroo I ., Bay of Shoals , 35°50'S 137°15'E, March 1978, 33 m, 1, AM W 25409 *; Kangaroo I., N side of Point Ellen , 36°00'S 137°11'E, 26.i.1989, 2.4–7.6 m, sand, 1, SAM E3087 *; Yorke Peninsula, Wool Bay Jetty , 35°00'S 137°46'E, 3.i. 1994, 3 m, sand, 3, SAM E3083 *; Spencer Gulf, Yorke Peninsula, Point Turton Jetty , 34°56'S 137°21'E, 25.xi.1985, 3–4.6 m, sand and rubble, 1, SAM E3035 *; Eyre Peninsula, Fancy Point, Boston I ., 34°39'S 136°54'E, 17.ii.1988, 1.5– 8 m, in amongst kelp, Posidonia seagrass, sand, 1, SAM E3077 *; Edithburgh , 35°05'S 137°45'E, 27.x. 1980, 3 m, in sand amongst rocks, 1, SAM E3089 *; Spencer Gulf, 16 km SW of First Creek, Port Pirie , 33°16'S 137°51'E, 1979, 12.1 m, 1, AM W 25410 ; Monument Hill , 32°50'S 137°49'E, September 1987, 17 m, 1, SAM E3066 *; Whyalla , 33°05'S 137°37'38"E, August 1986, 12 m, sand, 1, SAM E3050 *; Victor Harbour, the Bluff , 35°33'S 138°38'E, 8.xi.1980, under sand on rock, 1, SAM E3092 *; Cape Jervis Jetty , 35°36'S 138°06'E, 9.iii. 1984, 3 m, sand in amongst rocks, 1, SAM E3081 *; N of St. Francis I ., 32°31'S 133°18'E, 30.xii.1975, 20– 30 m, 1, MV F 78893 *. Material examined 7 to 74 mm long & 2 to 12 and 1 to 6 mm wide. A selection of material examined listed, although all material examined has been incorporated into Fig. 13, illustrating the distribution and abundance of the species.

Material described. Neotype.

Description. Preserved specimen grey to pale cream in colour. Body small, conical in shape. Tube curved, composed of cemented shell-like fragments, or composed of sand grains. Rim of cephalic veil with 17 long cirri. Cirri are triangular appendages, which rapidly taper ( Fig. 9A). Cephalic veil completely free from operculum, forming a dorsal semi-circle around the numerous buccal antennae.

Raised opercular margin well developed, smooth. Operculum with 10 pairs of paleae, yellow-gold, subacute, curved dorsally, long without extended tips. First pair of tentacular cirri arise from anterior edge of segment 2. Ventral ridge connecting second pair of tentacular cirri on segment 3 incised to form glandular lobes. Segment 2 lacking posterodorsal lobe. Chaetiger 2 with anteroventral lobe large and broad; anterior margin of lobe with 13 contiguous rounded papillae.

Two pairs of comb-like, stalked branchiae on segments 3 and 4, situated laterally and consisting of loose flat lamellae.Anterior pair situated more ventrally than posterior pair, both pairs similar in size, lying flattened against the body.

Chaetigers 1 to 3 (segments 5 to 7) with notopodia and notochaetae only. Chaetigers 4 to 16 biramous with both notopodia, neuropodia, and notochaetae and neurochaetae. Chaetiger 17 with only notopodia and notochaetae. Notochaetae from chaetiger 5 include smooth winged capillaries, and capillaries with finely serrated margins ( Figs. 10A). Notochaetae from chaetiger 14 with finely hirsute surfaces. Notochaetae of chaetigers 1–3 and 15–17 reduced in size compared to those of notopodia 4–14. Neuropodia wedge shaped, erect and glandular. Neurochaetae with major teeth arranged in two rows, 6–10 teeth per row ( Figs. 10B,C, 12A).

Posterior scaphe and abdomen distinctly separated. Posterior 5 segments fused to form a flattened plate or scaphe longer than broad, with crenulated margins ( Fig. 9B). Anal flap present with dorsal papilla. Scaphal hooks present, 7 pairs, broad, blunt, brown ( Fig. 12B). Glandular areas present on chaetigers 4 to 17, prominent, ventrally glandular on segments 1–6.

Nephridial papillae present on segments 3 and 4, inserted ventrally at base of branchiae.

Variation. The number of cirri on the cephalic veil margin varies from 19 to 29, and the number of papillae on the anteroventral lobe of chaetiger 2 ranges from 12 to 19. The size of the anterior pair of branchiae varies such that on some specimens they are larger than the posterior pair. The number of scaphal hooks varies from 6 to 8 pairs. The development of the glandular areas varies between specimens. Most of these variations appear to be size dependent, with larger animals having more cirri, papillae and pairs of scaphal hooks than smaller individuals.

Remarks. Schmarda’s type of P. antipoda could not be located. Most of Schmarda’s material is housed in the Naturhistorisches Museum in Vienna. Dr Helmut Sattmann, the Curator of polychaetes at this Museum, confirmed that no material of P. antipoda was present in their collections. The species has been reported from Australia several times since it was described in 1861, by Augener (1927), Knox & Cameron (1971) and Poore et al. (1975). All this material has been examined and represents P. antipoda . Nilsson (1928) also described the species and examined some material from Port Phillip Bay housed in the Zoologisches Museum, Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt- Universität, Berlin. According to Dr Neuhaus, the Curator responsible for polychaetes, the material has been lost, perhaps destroyed during the Second World War. As P. antipoda is widely distributed throughout Australian waters, the species needed to be fully described because the original description is brief. Three specimens of Pectinaria antipoda were found in the Natural History Museum in London. They were collected by Dr Robert von Lendenfeld, an Austrian sponge worker who visited Australia in the 1880s, and although he established a laboratory in Melbourne on the shores of Port Phillip Bay, he also travelled to Sydney. These three specimens were collected from Port Jackson several decades after Schmarda’s material was collected, although no detailed location within the harbour is given. During this period, little development occurred within the harbour, so we have assumed that environmental conditions were The distribution of the two species of Pectinaria in Sydney Harbour is not known. The harbour has a variety of habitats and the two species were never present in the same samples examined by us.

Pectinaria antipoda can be distinguished from the other two species of Pectinaria present in Australian waters, P. dodeka n.sp. and P. kanabinos n.sp., both described in this paper, by the presence on the anteroventral lobe of chaetiger 2, ornamented with 12–19 papillae, which are absent in the other two Australian species. Only one other described species of Pectinaria , P. papillosa Caullery, 1944 , has such papillae ( Table 4).

Material identified by Monro (1931) from Low Islands, Great Barrier Reef (BMNH 1931.7.1.61) as P. antipoda Schmarda, 1861 , was re-examined and identified as P. dodeka n.sp. (this paper). Material identified as P. antipoda by Stephenson et al. (1974) from Moreton Bay was reexamined and consisted of both P. antipoda and P. dodeka n.sp. Material identified by Hartmann-Schröder (1979) as P. cf. antipoda has been re-examined and although the material is in poor condition, especially in the region of chaetiger 2, we believe that it is P. antipoda .

Distribution. Widely distributed south from Broome, Western Australia around southern Australia and along the eastern coast to Heron Island, Queensland ( Fig. 13).

Habitat. Recorded from low water mark to 92 m, in sediments ranging from mud, silty sand to sand, and occasionally in Posidonia seagrass beds.