Clepsis consimilana ( Huebner , 1817)

Zlatkov, Boyan & Huemer, Peter, 2019, Remarkable confusion in some Western Palearctic Clepsis leads to a revised taxonomic concept (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae), ZooKeys 885, pp. 51-87 : 51

Clepsis consimilana ( Huebner, 1817)

[ Tortrix ] consimilana Hübner, 1817: pl. 38, fig. 239 (Europe).

Tortrix unifasciana Duponchel, 1842: 135, pl.61, fig. 6 (France).

Tortrix unifasciana f. cinnamomeana Dufrane, 1957: 6 (Belgium).

Tortrix fallaciana Fuchs, 1903: 4 (Sicily).

Tortrix unifasciana f. fuscana Dufrane, 1957: 6 (Belgium).

Tortrix unifasciana f. obliterana Dufrane, 1957: 6 (Belgium).

Paramesia peregrinana Stephens, 1852: 90 (Britain), unavailable, published in synonymy with Lozotaenia obliquana Humphreys and Westwood 1845.

Tortrix productana Zeller, 1847: 660 (Sicily).

obliterana Herrich-Schäffer, 1847 (uninominal): pl. 9, fig. 60.

Tortrix (Lozotaenia) obliterana Herrich-Schäffer, 1851: 164 (Italy).

Siclobola placida Diakonoff, 1948: 25 (Madagascar).

non Tortrix eatoniana Ragonot, 1881

non Cacoecia unifasciana var. semiana Chrétien, 1915

non Cacoecia acclivana Zerny, 1933

Material examined.

Neotype ♂ (here designated): pinned, with 5 labels: "Gehegs / Dresden / 18.vi.1922 / E. Möbius” "Coll. E. Möbius / Ankauf 1946" "Neotype / Tortrix consimilana / Hübner, 1817 / Zlatkov & Huemer, 2019 des." [red printed] "Museum für Tierkunde Dresden / Gen. prep. / ♂ / No. 2/30.11.2018" " Clepsis consimilana / ( Hübner, 1817) / Zlatkov & Huemer, 2019 det."; genitalia on a slide with two labels: "Neotype / Tortrix consimilana / Hübner, 1817 / [Germany] Dresden, Gehegs / 18.vi.1922, E. Möbius / Zlatkov & Huemer, 2019 des." [red printed] "Museum für Tierkunde Dresden / Gen. Prep. / ♂ / No. 2/30.11.2018 / B. Zlatkov 2018 Euparal".

GERMANY • 1 ♂; Dresden, Gehegs; 18 Jun. 1922; E. Möbius leg.; GS 2/30.11.2018; MTD.

Lectotype ♂ of Tortrix unifasciana (here designated): pinned, with 5 labels: “unifasciana” [handwritten] “Duponch[el]” [round, handwritten] “713” [round handwritten] “Type” [red printed] "Chr. Gibeaux dét. / prép. génit. n° 4231 ♂ / unifasciana / Dup." [printed and handwritten]; male genitalia on a slide with two labels: "Tortrix / unifasciana / Dup., 1842 / Type" [handwritten with red border] "Chr. Gibeaux dét. / prép. génit. n° 4231 ♂ / Clepsis / consimilana Hb. / 30.x.91 Euparal M. P." [printed and handwritten].

FRANCE • 1 ♂; GS 4231; MNHN.

Holotype ♂ of Siclobola placida : pinned, with four labels: “Tananarive” "Type: ♂ / Siclobola / placida / A. Diakonoff 1946" [printed and handwritten] “Holotype” [printed red] "Siclobola / unifasciana / placida / 1959 Diak. / det. A. Diakonoff" [printed and handwritten]; genitalia on glass slide pinned to the holotype, with one label: “536.D.”

MADAGASCAR • 1 ♂; Antananarivo; MNHN 536.D.

Other material: GERMANY • 1 ♂; Dresden, Gehegs; 24 Jun. 1921; E. Möbius leg.; GS 1/30.11.2018; MTD • 1♂; Dresden, Lössaltz; 28 Jun. 1935; E. Möbius leg.; GS 2/3.12.2018; MTD • 1 ♂; same collection data; 3 Aug. 1935; GS 1/3.12.2018; MTD • 1 ♀; Fritzsche leg.; GS 1/4.12.2018; MTD • 1 ♂; Sylt; GS 2/5.11.2018; ZSM • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Baden Württemberg, Marbach am Neckar; 29 Jun. 1957; L. Süssner leg.; TLMF • 1 ♂; Bayern, München, Hochmutting; 19 Aug. 1988; H. Kolbeck leg.; TLMF • 1 ♀; Kehlheim; 12 Jun. 1997; H. Kolbeck leg.; TLMF • ITALY • 1 ♂; prov. Verona, Monte; alt. 300 m; 20 Aug. 1994; Franz leg.; GS 1/16.10.2017; TLMF • 1 ♂, same collection data; 7 Jun. 1991; K. Burmann et al. leg.; GS 2/16.10.2017; TLMF • 2 ♀♀; same collection data; 1 Oct. 1994; Burmann et Erlebach leg.; GS 3/16.10.2017, 4/16.10.2017; TLMF • 1 ♂; prov. Verona, Albisano; alt. 450 m; 27 May– 3 Jun. 1962; K. Burmann leg.; TLMF • 1 ♂; prov. Trentino, Pietramurata; alt. 250 m; mid Jun. 1978; F. Zürnbauer leg.; TLMF • 1 ♀; Verona, Mte. Maderno; alt. 250 m; mid Sep. 1963; K. Burmann leg.; TLMF • 1 ♀; Südtirol, Auer; 21 Jun. 1957; Hernegger leg.; TLMF • 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Südtirol, Eing. Schnalstal; alt. 700 m; mid Jun.1968; K. Burmann leg.; TLMF • 2 ♀♀; Südtirol, S Kalterer See; alt. 230 m; 26 Jun. 1990; P. Huemer leg.; TLMF • 1 ♂; same collection data; 14 Jun. 1991; TLMF • 2 ♂♂; Südtirol, Umg. Bozen, Kampenn; 26 Jun. 1991; P. Huemer leg.; TLMF • 1 ♂; Carrara; alt. 200 m; early Jun. 1979; F. Zürnbauer leg.; TLMF • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Elba, Porto Ferroio; alt. 40 m; late May 1967; F. Zürnbauer leg.; TLMF • 1 ♂; Sardinia, Umg. Tempio, Mte. Limbara; alt. 1200 m; 27 May1973; Laubmeier, Sommerer & Witt leg.; TLMF • 1 ♂; Sardinia, Umg. Aritzo, Gennargentu; alt. 750 m; 4-5 Jun. 1973; Laubmeier, Sommerer & Witt leg.; TLMF • POLAND • 1 ♂; Poznań, Ogrody; 13 Jun. 2012; W. Kubasik leg; GS 1/15.3.2019; • CWK 1♂; Poznań, Ogrody; 19 Jun. 2012; W. Kubasik leg.; GS 2/15.3.2019; CWK • 1 ♀; Komorniki; 19 Jun. 2002; GS 1/15.3.2002; W. Kubasuk leg.; CWK • AUSTRIA • 2 ♂♂; Wien, Döbling, Cobenzl; alt. 385 m; 15 Jun. 2012; F. Lichtenberger leg.; TLMF • 3 ♂♂; Niederösterreich, 10 km SE Schwechat, Seiherwiese; 1 Jul. 1998; F. Lichtenberger leg.; TLMF • 3 ♂♂; Niederösterreich, Ebreichsdorf, Welscherhalten; 2 Jul. 1999, F. Lichtenberger leg.; TLMF • 1 ♂; Niederösterreich, Rubring; 20 Jun. 1998; F. Hofmann leg.; TLMF • 1 ♂; Niederösterreich, Amstetten, Sonnleiten; 16 Jun. 1997; H. Brandstetter leg.; TLMF • 1 ♂; Niederösterreich, Purgstall/Erlauf; 7 Jul. 1995; F. Ressl leg.; TLMF • 1 ♂; Oberösterreich, Linz, Biologiezentrum; 11 Jun. 2002; J. Wimmer leg.; GS 3771; TLMF • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Vorarlberg, Hard, Fußach, NSG Rheindelta-Rohrspitz; alt. 397 m; 29 Jun. 1992; P. Huemer leg.; TLMF • FRANCE • 1 ♂; Alpes Maritimes, Nice, Bd. Tzarewitsch; 26 May 1971; F. Dujardin leg.; TLMF • 1 ♂; Alpes Martitimes, mt. Alban; alt. 200 m; 4 Jun. 1962; F. Dujardin leg.; TLMF • 1 ♂; Bouches du Rhone, La Ciotat; 4 May 1994; J. Nel leg.; GS 9763 TLMF • 1 ♂; Var, Massif du Pradet; J. Nel leg.; TLMF • 1 ♂; Vaucluse, Mormoiron; alt. 20 m; 6 May 2000; J. Nel leg.; TLMF • 2 ♂♂; Corse, Pinarello; alt. 10 m; early Jun. 1972; F. Zürnbauer leg.; TLMF • CROATIA • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Rovinij; alt. 50 m; 10 Sep. 2002; H. Deutsch leg.; TLMF • 1 ♂; Cres isl., Stivian; 14-17 May 1996; F. Lichtenberger leg.; TLMF • GREECE • 1 ♂; Crete, Heraklion prefecture, Fodele; alt. 100 m; 25 May 2000; W. Ruckdeschel leg.; GS 5/16.10.2017; TLMF • BULGARIA • 1 ♂; Petrich district, Rupite area; 41.4620°N, 23.2583°E; alt. 200 m; 15 May 2007; B. Zlatkov leg.; GS 6/16.10.2017; NMNHS • ALBANIA • 1 ♂; Korça Region, Boboshtica Village; 40.5405°N, 20.7918°E; alt. 1220 m; 4 Jun. 2018; S. Beshkov leg.; GS 1/17.10.2018; NMNHS • MACEDONIA (Republic of Northern) • 1 ♂; Vardar River Valley, Demir Kapiya; 41.3826°N, 22.1958°E; alt. 240 m; 10 Jun. 2018; S. Beshkov & A. Nahirnic leg.; GS 2/17.10.2018; NMNHS • SPAIN • 4 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; Catalonia, Vidreras; 6-15 Jun. 1993; J. Wimmer leg.; TLMF.

Diagnosis.

The wing pattern of males resembles that of C. neglectana and C. eatoniana . The male genitalia are most similar to C. eatoniana but the phallic process is smaller, the phallus lacks a keel, the cornuti are smaller, the valvae are more slender, and the labis is different. The females of C. consimilana and C. eatoniana externally are very similar but the genitalia (colliculum) show considerable difference, it is much larger in C. eatoniana , with a long process at the left side.

Description.

Adult. Sexual dimorphism prominent. Male ( Fig. 11 A–F ). Head. Vertex, frons and labial palps fulvous. Antennae with scapus and pedicellus ochreous, flagellum with fulvous brown-tipped scales and numerous sensilla trichodea as long as width of flagellomeres. Thorax. Dorsally fulvous, ventrally creamy, legs brownish. Tegula fulvous. Forewing relatively wide, with length 6.3-7.8 mm (mean 7.0, N = 13). Costa basally convex, apically straight, costal fold extending from base to ca. 0.4-0.6 of costa ( Fig. 3E ). Upperside background dark yellow with rusty reticulate pattern. Markings fulvous to brown: basal blotch atrophied, more prominent at dorsum forming dark dot; median fascia often with darker borders; subapical blotch triangular, often ill-defined. Cilia concolourous with background. Underside pale brown with creamy longitudinal blotch in the distal half of costal area. Hindwings upperside monochrome grey with paler cilia, underside with creamy costal half pale grey with scattered pale brown scales and monochrome pale grey dorsal half. Forewings with variable colouration, darker or paler, sometimes with reduced markings similarly to female ( Fig. 11F ). Abdomen. Grey. Male genitalia ( Fig. 12 A–E ). Uncus with variable shape and median incision depending on preparation, more or less ovoid, widened distally, rounded. Gnathos plough-shaped. Socius small, membranous. Valvae pointed dorsolaterally when mounted on slide. Costal sclerite protruded medially into large triangular labis with elongated tip ( Fig. 5F, G ). Apical part of sacculus ca. 1.6 × longer than basal part, both forming angle of 160-165°, saccular process small, curved, thorn-shaped. Distal part of valva membranous, widened apically and protruding into small brachiola, costal edge slightly convex, with longitudinal fold on the median surface bearing row of 5-8 large modified setae. Phallus smooth, coecum medially concave, basal part curved ventrad at ca. 140°, distal part smoothly curved dorsad, with small sharp tipped lateral process as long as 0.26 × distance between anterior opening and tip of phallus, slightly curved laterally and not overpassing tip of phallus. Caulis small, adjoining coecum. Vesica cylindrical, curved at angle of 100-120° to phallus, with expansion basally and finger-like sinistrodorsal diverticulum ( Fig. 13A, B ). Three to four deciduous aciculate, robust, weakly sinuate, slightly flattened cornuti attached ventroapically ( Fig. 7D ). Gonopore located at left to cornuti sockets and diverticulum. Female darker than male, with uniform forewings ( Fig. 11G, H ). Head. Frons, vertex and labial palps fulvous to ochreous, antennae with fulvous brown-tipped scales and sparse sensilla trichodea shorter than width of flagellomeres. Thorax dorsally ochreous, ventrally creamy, legs brownish. Forewing length 6.3-7.6 mm (mean 6.8, N = 3). Upperside ground colour ochreous to rusty with darker reticulated pattern and more or less atrophied ill-defined markings. Basal blotch reduced to dark spot at dorsum, median fascia more or less prominent in costal and dorsal area or completely reduced. Cilia paler than background. Underside pale brown, costal and terminal areas paler or creamy with reticulate pattern. Hindwing upperside pale grey, underside with whitish or pale grey reticulate patterned costal half and monochrome pale grey dorsal half. Abdomen. Grey. Female genitalia with papillae anales not modified ( Fig. 14A ). Apophyses anteriores 1.5 × longer than apophyses posteriores. Sterigma widened caudad, with lateral sclerotised pockets cephalad, large excavation on the dorsal wall and wide v-shaped lamella antevaginalis. Colliculum large, with length 0.17 × length of ductus bursae, slightly bent to left, funnel-shaped, with plicate longitudinal sclerotisation forming small process at left, and spherical protrusion at cranial end consisting of colourless thick cuticle. Ductus bursae long and narrow, emerging at left side of cuticular protrusion, with cestum extending along cranial 0.8 × of its length. Ductus seminalis inserted dorsally at caudal end of ductus bursae. Corpus bursae ovoid, with large falcate signum with capitulum and flat signum located near end of cestum consisting of sclerotised papillae ( Fig. 9D, F ).

Preimaginal stages.

Detailed descriptions of the ovum, larvae of all instars, and pupa are provided by Sheldon (1920) and Bradley et al. (1973). The chaetotaxy of the larva is described by Swatschek (1958).

Molecular data

( Fig. 16 ). BIN: BOLD:AAC4212. The intraspecific average of the barcode region is 0.34%, the maximum distance 1.08% (p-dist) (N = 29). The minimum distance to the nearest neighbour, Clepsis eatoniana , is 2.25%.

Distribution

( Fig. 17 ). Europe, Asia Minor, Syria, European Russia, W Africa to Lebanon, Madagascar (introduced; the data come from the type specimen only), North America (introduced) ( Bradley et al. 1973, Razowski 2002).

Ecology.

Moths are on the wing from May to October in shrubby habitats. The larvae feed on dead or withered leaves of Crataegus , Malus , Carpinus , Polygonum , Hedera , Lonicera , Ligustrum , Syringa , and overwinter in the third instar ( Bradley et al. 1973).

Remarks.

The collection of Jakob Hübner was acquired by Vincenz Abbate Edler von Mazzola in the early part of the 19th Century, and the European material was deposited in the “Hof-Naturalien-Kabinett” in 1823 where most of the material was destroyed by fire during the Vienna Rebellion of 1848 ( Calhoun 2003, Gilligan and Wright 2013). Despite a personal search by PH we found no potential type material and conclude that the syntypes are lost or destroyed. As the boundaries of this taxon are revised, designation of a neotype is necessary to preserve the stability of nomenclature. The type locality is presumably Europe, as indicated by the title of the original description ( Hübner 1817) and material may have originated from Germany as many other species described by Hübner. Here we designate as neotype a male specimen with an everted vesica and preserved cornuti, and wing pattern resembling the illustration in the work by Hübner (1817: pl. 38, fig. 239). Though not very detailed, this painting demonstrates some important differences with C. consimilana sensu auctt., namely the shape of basal fascia and costa, and questions the interpretation of the taxon. The painting either refers to another representative of the tribe Archipini or may be a result of an artistic decision. Without studying the type material any interpretation of the figure may be incorrect, therefore we prefer to preserve the present-day concept for C. consimilana . Obraztsov (1955) considered consimilana as a probable synonym of unifasciana . Bradley and Martin (1956) established the name consimilana as having priority over unifasciana , though they did not state explicitly this nomenclatorial act. We found support for this synonymy as the lectotype of Tortrix unifasciana appears conspecific with the neotype of C. consimilana . Razowski (1979) synonymised Tortrix eatoniana with C. consimilana (see below); this is not justified in our opinion. Some taxa from the synonymic list were not examined by us but, minding the minimal genetic diversity throughout Europe, we consider all of them correctly synonymised with C. consimilana . Cacoecia unifasciana var. semiana was erroneously regarded as a synonym of Clepsis consimilana (see above).

Figures

Figure 3. Costal folds of males of Clepsis spp. A C. neglectana, Germany B C. striolana, Austria C C. trivia, Crete D C. acclivana, lectotype of Cacoecia acclivana E C. consimilana, neotype of Tortrix consimilana F C. eatoniana, Spain. Scale bar: 1 mm, all to scale.

Figure 5. Labides of Clepsis spp. A, B C. neglectana: A Southern Germany B Finland C C. striolana, Austria, North Tyrol D C. trivia, Crete E C. acclivana, paralectotype of Cacoecia acclivana F, G C. consimilana: F Germany, neotype of Tortrix consimilana G Italy H C. eatoniana, Spain. Scale bar: 100 μm, all to scale.

Figure 7. Specialised male setae in Clepsis spp. A-E cornuti: A C. neglectana, Finland B C. striolana, Austria C C. trivia, Crete D C. consimilana, neotype of Tortrix consimilana E C. eatoniana, Spain F modified large seta from the medial surface of valva of C. consimilana, Germany. Scale bar: 100 μm, all to scale.

Figure 9. Signa of bursa copulatrix in Clepsis spp. A C. neglectana B C. striolana C C. trivia D C. consimilana E C. eatoniana F A detail of plate shaped signum of C. consimilana consisting of sclerotised papillae. 1 falcate signum, 2 plate shaped signum, 3 cestum. Scale bars: 250 μm (A-E, all to scale), 25 μm (F).

Figure 11. Adults of Clepsis consimilana species group A-H C. consimilana: A illustration from the original description of Tortrix consimilana B neotype of T. consimilana C male, Bulgaria D lectotype of T. unifasciana E Holotype of Siclobola placida F male, Poland G female, Italy H female, Poland I-L C. eatoniana: I Lectotype of T. eatoniana J male, Spain K Lectotype of Tortrix xylotoma (courtesy by D. Lees and Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London) L female, Spain. Scale bar: 5 mm, all to scale.

Figure 12. Male genitalia of the Clepsis consimilana species group (some without phallus) A-E C. consimilana: A Tortrix consimilana neotype B C. consimilana, Italy C C. consimilana, Albania D Siclobola placida holotype E T. unifasciana lectotype F T. eatoniana lectotype. Scale bar: 500 μm, all to scale.

Figure 13. Phalli with vesicae everted of the Clepsis consimilana species group A-B C. consimilana: A neotype of Tortrix consimilana B specimen from Italy C C. eatoniana, Spain. The phallus of each species is shown in three aspects from top to bottom: sclerotised phallic tube (without vesica) in dorsal view, tip of vesica in dorsal view and whole phallus in left view. Scale bar: 250 μm.

Figure 14. Female genitalia of the Clepsis consimilana species group A C. consimilana, Italy B C. eatoniana, Spain. The sterigma and colliculum are shown enlarged to the right of the whole genitalia. Scale bars: 1 mm (whole genitalia), 250 μm (sterigma and colliculum).

Figure 16. Neighbour-joining tree of Clepsis neglectana and C. consimilana species groups (Kimura 2 parameter, built with MEGA 6; cf. Tamura et al. 2013). Note: the scale bar only applies to internal branches between species. The width of the triangles represents the sample size, and the depth the relative genetic variation within the cluster (2 x scale bar). Source: DNA Barcode data from BOLD (Barcode of Life Database, cf. Ratnasingham and Hebert 2007).

Figure 17. Distribution map of examined material of Clepsis neglectana and C. consimilana species groups. Map created with SimpleMappr (http: // www. simplemappr. net).