Gephyrellula violacea ( Mello-Leitão, 1918 )

Santos, Fabricio H. & Rheims, Cristina A., 2018, Taxonomic revision of the genus Gephyrellula Strand, 1932 (Arachnida, Araneae, Philodromidae), Zootaxa 4527 (3), pp. 381-391 : 383-388

publication ID

https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.4527.3.7

publication LSID

lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9BC261F5-303A-41C4-B77C-94D64A8848C1

DOI

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5971200

persistent identifier

https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C711BC2D-FFED-FFFF-98F2-0FF013C2919E

treatment provided by

Plazi

scientific name

Gephyrellula violacea ( Mello-Leitão, 1918 )
status

 

Gephyrellula violacea ( Mello-Leitão, 1918) View in CoL

Figs 1–24 View FIGURE 1 View FIGURES 2–5 View FIGURES 6–9 View FIGURES 10–14 View FIGURES 15–18 View FIGURES 19–23 View FIGURE 24

Gephyrella violacea Mello-Leitão, 1918: 122 (Holotype female from Pinheiro [currently Piraí, Pinheiral, 22°37’ S, 43°54’ W],

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, deposited in MNRJ 921 [Mello-Leitão Private Collection 371], lost, not examined). Gephyrellula violacea Strand, 1932: 137 View in CoL . Gephyrellula paulistana Soares, 1943: 10 View in CoL , figs 8–9 (Holotype male from Bosque da Saúde [23°34’ S, 36°29’ W], São Paulo,

São Paulo, Brazil, deposited in MZSP, not located, not examined). Syn. nov.

Material examined. BRAZIL: Pará: GoogleMaps 1♀, Tucuruí   GoogleMaps , [03°46’S 49°40’W], April 1984, Equipe IBSP leg. ( IBSP 5629 View Materials ). Sergipe: 1♂, 2♀, Canindé de São Francisco, Usina Hidrelétrica de Xingó , [09°38’S 37°47’W], 15 April 2000, L. Ianuzzi leg. ( IBSP 88192 View Materials , 88201 View Materials , 88198 View Materials ) GoogleMaps ; 1♀, São Cristovão, Campus Universidade Federal de Sergipe, [10°55’S 37°06’W], 17 March 1992, H. Araújo leg. ( IBSP 8456 View Materials ) GoogleMaps . Tocantins: 2♀, Miracema, Usina Hidrelétrica Luis Eduardo Magalhães , [09°40’S 48°24’W], 1–11 October 2001, E. K. Kashimata & C.Y. Fukami leg. ( IBSP 31594 View Materials ) GoogleMaps ; 1♂, 5♀, 11–21 October 2001, R. Bertani & W.I. Toledo leg. ( IBSP 31543 View Materials , 31530 View Materials ) ; 1♂, 2♀, Palmas, Margem direita do Rio Tocantins, [10°06’S 48°25’W], 1 January 2002, D. M. Cândido & M. Costa leg. ( IBSP 40416 View Materials , 40421 View Materials ) GoogleMaps ; 4♂, 5♀, Usina Hidrelétrica Luis Eduardo Magalhães , [10°08’S 48°19’W], January 2002, D. M. Cândido & M. Costa leg. ( IBSP 40315 View Materials , 40531 View Materials , 40564 View Materials , 40514 View Materials ) GoogleMaps ; 1♀, Taquari (10°20’01.7”S 48°19’56.0”W), 0 7 December 2007, I. Knysak et. al. leg. ( IBSP 115643 View Materials ) GoogleMaps . Bahia: 1♀, Salvador [12°55’S 38°26’W], Jardim Botânico, November 2005 – April 2006, A.O. Alves leg. ( IBSP 63329 View Materials ) GoogleMaps . Minas Gerais: 1♂, Nova Porteirinha , (15°48’55.1'”S 43°16’6.8”W), 9–16 August 2013, N.G. Fonseca leg. ( UFMG 19523 View Materials ); 1♀, Prudente de Morais [19°28’S 44°09’W], Fazenda Sapé, 13 October 2001, E.S.S. Álvares leg. ( IBSP 44233 View Materials GoogleMaps ); 1♀, 8 June 2000, E.S.S. Álvares leg. ( UFMG 619 View Materials ); 1♀, Manga, Parque Estadual da Mata Seca (14°50’50”S 44°00’28”W), September 2011, R.N.S.L. Garro et al. leg. ( UFMG 14742 View Materials ). GoogleMaps Mato Grosso do Sul: 1♀, Morro do Azeite [19°29’S 57°18’W], 1♀, August 1998, J. Raizer et al. leg. ( IBSP 38743 View Materials ); 1♀, Corumbá, Passo do Lontra , Subregiões Miranda e Abobral , [19°44’S 56°50’W], July 1998 – November 1999, J. Raizer et al. leg. ( IBSP 97467 View Materials ); 24♂, 23♀, Brasilândia , Usina Hidrelétrica Engenheiro Sérgio Motta , [21°15’S 51°54’W], 2000, Equipe IBSP leg. ( IBSP 30323 View Materials , 30554 View Materials , 30555 View Materials , 31108 View Materials , 31145 View Materials , 31176 View Materials , 31185 View Materials , 31335 View Materials , 31408 View Materials , 31440 View Materials , 31443 View Materials ; 31459, 35189, 35198, 35202, 35204, 35205, 35215, 35222, 35287, 35449, 35457, 35459, 35507, 35644, 35666, 35673, 35674); 3♂, 3♀, Fazenda Cisalpina , 2000, Equipe IBSP ( IBSP 31385 View Materials , 31424 View Materials ); 3♀, Santa Rita do Pardo [21°17’S 52°50’W], 2–5 July 2001, D.F. Candiani & F. Cini leg. GoogleMaps ( IBSP 37897 View Materials ); 1♀, Anaurilândia [22°11’S 52°43’W], 12–19 March 2001, F. S. Cunha & C.A.R. Souza leg. GoogleMaps ( IBSP 38905 View Materials ); 1♂, 1♀, 5–11 March 2001, F. S. Cunha & J.P. Guadanucci leg. ( IBSP 41329 View Materials , 41337 View Materials ); 3♀, Bataguassu, Usina Hidrelétrica Engenheiro Sérgio Motta [21°40’S 52°25’W], 31 March 2001, R. P. Indicatti & C.A.R. Souza leg. GoogleMaps ( IBSP 38668 View Materials ); 1♂, 22–25 May 2001, D. M. Cândido & C.Y. Fukami leg. ( IBSP 39454 View Materials ). São Paulo: 1♂, 3♀, Pereira Barreto, Usina Hidrelétrica Três Irmãos [20°39’S 51°15’W], September–October 1990, Bertani, Costa & Bertim leg. GoogleMaps ( IBSP 4864 View Materials ); 4♂, 31♀, Presidente Epitácio, Usina Hidrelétrica Engenheiro Sérgio Motta [22°19’S 52°46’W], 16 January– 13 February 1999, Equipe IBSP leg. ( IBSP 23302 View Materials , 23321 View Materials , 23326 View Materials ); 4♂, 6♀, Ilha da Lagoa do Machado , 30 March 2001, R. P. Indicatti & C.A.R. Souza leg. GoogleMaps ( IBSP 38363 View Materials ); 11♂, 51♀, Primavera, Usina Hidrelétrica Engenheiro Sérgio Motta, [22°30’S 53°00’W], 11♂, 51♀, January–February 2000, Equipe IBSP leg. ( IBSP 29861 View Materials , 29869 View Materials , 29870 View Materials ); 1♂, 2001, Equipe IBSP leg. ( IBSP 53158 View Materials ); 1♂, São Paulo [23°34’S 46°43’W], Campus Instituto Butantan, March 2008, G. Ruiz leg. GoogleMaps ( IBSP 116801 View Materials ); 1♂, 5 October 2007, C. Borelli leg. ( IBSP 116838 View Materials ); 1♀, 15 December 2016, F.H. Santos leg. ( IBSP 213038 View Materials ); 3♀, Rosana, Usina Hidrelétrica de Rosana [22°36’S 52°47’W], December 1986, Equipe IBSP leg. ( IBSP 4478 View Materials ); 1♀, Jundiaí [23°11’S 46°52’W], 13 March 2008, Prefeitura Municipal de Jundiaí leg. ( IBSP 91797 View Materials ). GoogleMaps Paraná: 1♂, 1♀, Foz do Iguaçu , [25°29’S 54°35’W], 11 October 1991, A.B. Bonaldo leg. ( MCTP 1649 View Materials ). GoogleMaps Santa Catarina: 1♀, Reserva Biológica Marinha do Arvoredo [27°17’S 48°22’W], 1♀, 24 October 1997, A.A. Lise leg. ( MCTP 10119 View Materials ). GoogleMaps Rio Grande do Sul: 1♀, Caxias do Sul [29°07’S 51°01’W], Fazenda Souza, 11–12 November 1995, Equipe do Laboratório de Aracnologia MCTP leg. ( MCTP 7148 View Materials ). GoogleMaps

Diagnosis. See genus diagnosis.

Remarks. In the original description of Gephyrellula, Mello-Leitão (1918) states that the genus is most similar to Gephyra ( L. Koch, 1875) [currently Gephyrota Strand, 1932 ] and Gephyrina Simon, 1895b by the extremely flattened body. All three genera have a similar eye arrangement and lack leg scopula. However, Gephyrota was described from Australia and its current distribution ranges from the Ivory Coast, in Africa, to Queensland in Australia, with no Neotropical representatives ( World Spider Catalog 2018). In addition, its species have a prosoma that is as wide as long (wider than long in Gephyrellula ) and has a higher clypeus ( L. Koch 1875). Gephyrina was described from Venezuela and currently includes three species from Brazil ( World Spider Catalog 2018). Although one of these species might be a junior synonym of G. violacea , we did not examine the type material and the original descriptions do not allow any speculation on whether or not this is the case. Nevertheless, we believe that Gephyrina and Gephyrellula are distinct genera, based on the fact that the original description of Gephyrina and of the type species G. alba Simon, 1895 mentions the presence of four pairs of spines on ventral tibia ( Simon 1895b) as opposed to only two observed in Gephyrellula .

Although the type specimens of both species are unavailable, both original descriptions enable the identification of the species. The synonymy is based on the fact that, in most samples, both males ( G. paulistana ) and females ( G. violacea ) were collected together and no other specimen, amongst all the examined material, could be attributed to the genus. We have refrained from designating a neotype because - although we are certain that the holotype of G. violacea was lost in the fire that destroyed the arachnological collection at MNRJ (Sept/2018) - we cannot be sure that the holotype of G. paulistana , that was not located in MZSP, is not simply misplaced in the collection. In addition, we do not have material from any of the two type localities.

Redescription. Male (IBSP 31185): Prosoma dark orange with lateral margins pigmented in dark tones with a well-delineated row of bristles; triangular whitish cephalic pigmentation mark extending from fovea to base of cephalic region. Chelicerae orange with brown spots. Labium and endites pale orange. Sternum pale orange slightly darker at lateral margins. Legs and pedipalps yellow with dark spots. Opisthosoma cream colored; dorsally with dark-toned lateral pigmentation ( Figs 15–16 View FIGURES 15–18 ). Total length 3.10. Prosoma flattened, wider than long, anterior region slightly extended: length 1.40, width 1.60; clypeus low with six macrosetae. Eyes arranged in two recurved rows: diameters 0.09, 0.07, 0.05, 0.09; interdistances: 0.15, 0.02, 0.25, 0.15, 0.16, 0.21. Chelicerae longer than wide, with one promarginal tooth and two retromarginal teeth ( Fig. 2 View FIGURES 2–5 ). Labium wider than long, with anterior margin slightly curved. Endites oblong, convergent, longer than wide; serrula with a single row of short denticles ( Fig. 3 View FIGURES 2–5 ). Sternum as long as wide with slightly curved anterior margin and slightly convex posterior margin. Legs laterigrade, without scopula: I: 6.4 (2.0, 0.8, 1.5, 1.4, 0.7); II: 8.8 (2.8, 1.0, 2.0, 2.0, 1.0); III: 5.3 (1.7, 0.6, 1.3, 1.2, 0.5); IV: 5.1 (1.8, 0.6, 1.1, 1.1, 0.5); trichobothria present dorsally on tibiae, tarsi and metatarsi, with elliptical bothrium with dorsal plate with two distal grooves partially covering a ventral plate with one distal groove; tarsus with a pair of pectinate claws with a slightly curved main tooth followed by 18–20 straight secondary teeth; spination pattern: femora I–III: p0-1-1; d1-1-1; r0-1-1; femur IV d1-1-1; r0-0-1; tibiae I–II: p1-0-0; r1-0-0; v2-2 -0; tibiae III–IV: p1-0-0; v2-2 -0; metatarsi I–IV: p1-1-0; r1-1-0; v2-2 -2. Opisthosoma oval: length 1.9, width 1.1. Epiandrous spigots absent. Tracheal spiracle single, contiguous to spinnerets. Anal tubercle small, triangular with few terminal hairs. Six spinnerets: ALS conical, bi-segmented with short and truncated distal segment; PMS with a single cylindrical segment; PLS bi-segmented, with truncated distal segment. Palp: patella without apophysis; tibia with one prolateral, one dorsal and one retrolateral spine and two distal apophysis; RTA conical, with tip gently pointing dorsally; VTA colourless arising close to RTA ( Fig. 7 View FIGURES 6–9 ); cymbium with distal scopula and one prolateral spine; ST visible in prolateral and ventral views between 7–9 o´clock position; Teg oval; Ts arising at approximately 8:30 o’clock position and pointing towards 2:30 o’clock position; CoP small, hook shaped arising at 3 o’clock position ( Fig. 8 View FIGURES 6–9 ), close to the tip of the E; C hyaline, inserted medially, accommodating the distal E; E filiform, curved, arising from Teg at 9 o´clock position ( Figs 7 View FIGURES 6–9 , 10–12 View FIGURES 10–14 , 19–21 View FIGURES 19–23 ).

Redescription. Female (IBSP 40421): Coloration pattern generally lighter than in male. Prosoma pale with lateral margins whitish with a well-delineated row of bristles; with conspicuous whitish cephalic pigmentation mark extending from fovea to base of cephalic region. Chelicerae pale yellow with brown spots. Labium, endites and sternum pale yellow. Legs and pedipalps yellow mottled with dark spots. Opisthosoma as in males, much lighter ( Figs 1 View FIGURE 1 , 17–18 View FIGURES 15–18 ). Total length 5.15. Prosoma: length 1.65, width 1.85. Opisthosoma: length 3.5, width 2.55. Eyes: diameters 0.08, 0.06, 0.06, 0.07; interdistances: 0.18, 0.05, 0.18, 0.28, 0.15, 0.22. Legs: I: 6.75 (2, 0.8, 1.75, 1.5, 0.7); II: 8.65 (2.65 1, 2.2, 1.9, 0.9); III: 5.85 (1.9, 0.7, 1.4, 1.25, 0.6); IV: 5.37 (1.8, 0.6, 1.2, 1.22, 0.55); trichobothria as in male ( Fig. 4 View FIGURES 2–5 ); tarsus with a pair of pectinate claws as in male ( Fig. 5 View FIGURES 2–5 ); spination pattern as in male, except: femur I: d0; p1-0-0; r0; femora II–IV with no spines; tibiae I–IV: p1-1-0; r1-1-0. Epigyne: epigynal plate wider than long; MS wider than long; ES parallel; pair of AGP and PGP present ( Figs 13 View FIGURES 10–14 , 22 View FIGURES 19–23 ). Vulva: GH on long, curved ducts, dorsal to R; R rounded; FD laterad ( Figs 9 View FIGURES 6–9 , 14 View FIGURES 10–14 , 23 View FIGURES 19–23 ).

Variation. Males (n = 15): total length: 3.1–4.2; prosoma length: 1.1-1.6; femur I length: 1.6–2.1. Females (n = 15): total length: 3.5–6.2; prosoma length: 1.2–2.1; femur I length: 1.4–2.0.

Distribution: Brazil, states of Pará, Sergipe, Tocantins, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, Rio de

Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul ( Fig. 24 View FIGURE 24 ).

IBSP

Instituto Biologico de Sao Paulo

MCTP

Museu de Ciencias

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Arthropoda

Class

Arachnida

Order

Araneae

Family

Philodromidae

Genus

Gephyrellula

Loc

Gephyrellula violacea ( Mello-Leitão, 1918 )

Santos, Fabricio H. & Rheims, Cristina A. 2018
2018
Loc

Gephyrella violacea Mello-Leitão, 1918 : 122

Mello-Leitao, C. F. de 1918: 122
1918
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