Cionus scrophulariae ( Linnaeus, 1758 )

Košťál, Michael & Caldara, Roberto, 2019, Revision of Palaearctic species of the genus Cionus Clairville (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Cionini), Zootaxa 4631 (1), pp. 1-144 : 13-16

2. Cionus scrophulariae ( Linnaeus, 1758)

Figs 2 a–f.

Curculio scrophulariae Linnaeus, 1758: 380 . Reitter, 1904: 48 ( Cionus ). Wingelmüller,1914: 184 ( Cionus ); 1921: 104 ( Cionus ); 1937: 164 ( Cionus ). Hustache, 1932: 340 ( Cionus ). A. Hoffmann, 1958: 1217 ( Cionus scrofulariae err.). Smreczyński, 1976: 54 ( Cionus ). Caldara, 2013: 124 ( Cionus ). Alonso-Zarazaga et al., 2017: 186 ( Cionus ).

Curculio scrophularis Geoffroy, 1785: 129 . Olivier, 1807: 106 ( Cionus ) (syn. n.). Alonso-Zarazaga. 2008: 37. Caldara, 2013: 124 ( Cionus ). Alonso-Zarazaga et al., 2017: 186 ( Cionus ).

Curculio affinis Brahm, 1790: 60 . Alonso-Zarazaga et. al., 2017: 186. syn. n.

Cionus scrophulariae ferrugatus Reitter, 1904: 49 . Wingelmüller, 1914: 185; 1921: 104; 1937: 165. A. Hoffmann, 1958: 1217. Caldara, 2013: 124 (primary homonym). Alonso-Zarazaga et al., 2017: 186 ( Cionus ).

Cionus woodi Donisthorpe, 1921: 65 . Champion, 1924: 34 (stat. dem.). Donisthorpe, 1924: 60. Zumpt, 1937: 223. Morris, 2009 (syn. n.): 183. Caldara, 2013: 124. Alonso-Zarazaga et al., 2017: 186 ( Cionus ).

Cionus scrophulariae albosuturatus Roubal, 1936: 45 . Alonso-Zarazaga et al., 2017: 186 ( Cionus ). syn. n.

[ Cionus scrophulariae ab. suturalis Tenenbaum, 1927: 153. Zumpt, 1937: 223. (unavailable)]

Type locality. Sweden .

Type series. There is no other possibility of studying original Linnean collection ( LSUK) except for a detailed

online picture library of Linnean specimens (linnean-online.org) provided by the Linnean Society of London. Under the name Curculio scrophulariae , there are six pictures (No. 7566–7571) of seven pinned Cionus specimens. Specimens are mostly moldy and belong to three species. Specimens No. 7566 and No. 7567 bear labels “Angl. Jones” and “ England ” respectively, specimen No. 7568 is probably a Swedish specimen of C. montanus , specimen No. 7569 is unidentifiable but not C. scrophulariae . The remaining three conspecific specimens belong to C. scrophulariae as currently understood, and come highly probably from Sweden. A heavily moldy specimen No. 7570 is labeled “originally pinned through det. label with Ist. S.L. Shute det. 1979 specimen” and two pinned, relatively well-preserved specimens No. 7571 labeled “61 / 27 Scrophulariae” on one pin coming high probably from Sweden should be regarded as syntypes of Curculio scrophulariae Linnaeus and correspond to Cionus scrophulariae (Linnaeus) as currently understood. In order to fix the taxon, we designated the upper specimen on the pin No. 7571 as the lectotype of Curculio scrophulariae Linnaeus. The lower syntype specimen on the same pin, and the syntype specimen on the pin No. 7570 should be regarded as paralectotypes accordingly.

Synonyms. Alonso-Zarazaga (2008) designated the lectotype and five paralectotypes of Curculio scrophularis Geoffroy , which are deposited in coll. Geoffroy ( MNHN). The lectotype is conspecific with the lectotype of Curculio scrophulariae Linnaeus.

Brahm (1790) described Curculio affinis from the surroundings of Mainz in a relatively detailed way mentioning its marked similarity to C. scrophulariae , even questioning its specific rank. As Brahm´s collection is known to be destroyed (Meregalli & Alonso-Zarazaga, 2013), and the name is reported as nomen dubium and primary homonym ( Alonso-Zarazaga et al., 2017), we designated the neotype of this taxon according to the provisions of Articles 75 and 10.6 of the ICZN (1999), since this name remains available although invalid as a primary homonym. A well-preserved, 4.28 mm long male with separated right antenna, remounted and dissected for genitalia, labeled “Aschaffenburg Strieth 23.5.15 Col.: Schwarzer. / W.H.Muche. Rade-berg. Ankauf / Staatl. Museum für Tierkunde Dresden” was designated as the neotype of Curculio affinis Brahm by adding the printed red label “ NEOTYPUS Curculio affinis Brahm M.Košťál et R.Caldara des.2018”. The neotype is deposited in MTD.

Cionus scrophulariae v. ferrugatus was described based on specimens from Dalmatia, Asia Minor and Syria. In coll. Reitter ( HNHM), there are seven specimens morphologically and with locality labels corresponding to the original description. We designated a glued clumped male labeled “Dalm / Dalmatia / Holotypus 1904. Cionus scrophulariae var. ferrugatus Reitter / v. egregius K. Dan. ...[illegible] / Coll. Reitter” as the lectotype by adding the label “ LECTOTYPUS Cionus scrophulariae v. ferrugatus Reitter Michael Košťál des. 2013 [printed red label]”. Ac- cording to the provisions of Articles 75 and 10.6 of the ICZN (1999), this name is available although invalid as a primary homonym. The lectotype is 4.25 mm long, completely preserved. The remaining six specimens were labeled as paralectotypes accordingly: 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ “Dalmatia / Dalm / Paratypus 1904. Cionus scrophulariae v. ferrugatus Reitter / Coll. Reitter”, 1 ♂ “Asia min. Bulghar Dagh / Bulghar Dagh / Paratypus 1904. Cionus scrophulariae v. fer- rugatus Reitter / Coll. Reitter”, 1 ♂ “ Syria. Eibes / Eibes. Syr / Paratypus 1904. Cionus scrophulariae v. ferrugatus Reitter / Coll. Reitter”. The lectotype and all paralectotypes are consubspecific with C. scrophulariae (Linnaeus) and were labeled accordingly “ Cionus scrophulariae (L.) Michael Košťál det. 2013”.

Cionus woodi was described based on two specimens from the surroundings of the Lake Windermere, Cumbria, England. Shortly after, Champion (1924) treated the taxon “as a variety of C. scrophulariae ”, which preserved the availability of the name, according to Article 45.6.4 of the ICZN (1999), at subspecific rank. In the same year, Donisthorpe (1924) tried to defend the specific rank of C. woodi , however, without having done any taxonomic act. In coll. Donisthorpe (BMNH), there are a couple of C. woodi . The first author has received a female on loan, which we designated as the lectotype of C. woodi Donisthorpe. It is a well-preserved specimen, 4.65 mm long, with abraded or underdeveloped scales on pronotum and reduced scaling on elytra. The lectotype is labeled “Type H ♀ T. [white round, red-outlined label] / Windermere 1910 / Determined by H.St.J.K.Donisthorpe C.woodi n.sp. ♀ / T.Wood Coll. B.M. 1923-608. / LECTOTYPUS Cionus woodi Donisthorpe M.Košťál des. 2012 [printed red label] / Cionus scrophulariae (L.) Michael Košťál det. 2012“. Morris (2009) formally synonymized C. woodi with C. scrophulariae , but did not designate the lectotype. Therefore, we decided to do this act to confirm the synonymy. We did not study the male.

Tenenbaum (1927) described “ Cionus scrophulariae a. suturalis nov. ab.”. According to Article 45.6.2 of the ICZN (1999), following its guidelines we treat this name as infrasubspecific, and hence unavailable.

Cionus scrophulariae f. albosuturatus was described from Sarajevo based on unspecified number of specimens. Alonso-Zarazaga et al. (2017) reported the name as unavailable. However, according to Article 45.6.4 of ICZN (1999) based on the original description, we regard the name as available. In coll. Roubal (SNMC), there is one completely preserved male, 4.20 mm long, labeled “ BOSNIA, Sarajevo / f. albosuturata m. / [blank red label]”. We designated this specimen as the lectotype of the above taxon by adding the printed red label “ LECTOTYPUS Cionus scrophulariae f. albosuturatus Roubal Michael Košťál des. 2016”. The lectotype is consubspecific with C. scrophulariae (Linnaeus) , and was labeled “ Cionus scrophulariae (L.) M. Košťál det. 2016” accordingly.

Redescription. Male. Body stout, suboval. Head: rostrum moderately stout, medium long (l/ w 5.1, Rl/Pl 1.40), black; in lateral view slightly evenly curved, same width from base to antennal insertion, then very slightly narrowed to apex; in dorsal view basal part to antennal insertion of nearly same width, slightly laterally constricted, at apex wider than at base, moderately dorsoventrally flattened, parallel-sided; at entire length longitudinally, rugulose-like densely punctured, leaving only small shiny glabrous medial area at the most apex; from base to antennal insertion covered with sparse, subrecumbent thin whitish yellow elongate scales, at rostrum base with several backwardly oriented, scattered broader yellowish scales, similar to those on pronotum, apical part of rostrum with long, forwardly oriented whitish and dark brown seta-like scales. Head between eyes narrow, approximately 0.4 rostrum width at base. Eyes slightly rounded, not protruding from head outline. Antennae reddish-brown with darkened club, inserted at approximately 0.7 of rostrum length; funicle of 0.7 scape length, segment 1 slightly wider than segment 2, more than twice as long as wide, segment 2 about 2.7 × as long as wide, segments 3–5 subquadrate; club oval, about 2.6 × as long as wide, of approximately 0.9 funicle length, completely covered with tiny dark hairs and sparse erect whitish sensilla. Pronotum: black, wider than long (Pl/Pw 0.66), with semidensely, evenly distributed small round punctures, covered with densely distributed, overlapping, mostly forwardly oriented subrecumbent elongate (l/w 3–5), pale yellowish scales; widest at base, in posterior half conically forwardly convergent, then abruptly narrowed, with broad, slightly indistinct constriction, in lateral view flat in basal half, then abruptly straightly falling to anterior margin. Prosternum: anterior margin with deep, round, relatively narrow, sharply incised, at sides well bounded emargination not reaching coxae. Scutellum: black, subtriangular, rounded at apex, unevenly densely covered with backwardly oriented elongate, whitish and yellowish scales more concentrated on sides and apex. Elytra: blackish brown, in anterior 2/3 very slightly rounded to subparallel, in posterior third broadly rounded, very slightly elongate (El/Ew 1.20), widest at about mid-length, at base markedly wider than pronotum (Ew/Pw 1.82), humeri considerably prominent, subrotund, moderately convex on disc; interstria 1 markedly broadened, interstria 2 considerably narrowed, slightly constricted laterally in approximately half of medial length and shortly before elytral apex encompassing black tomentous, clearly outlined subrotund macula; anterior macula posteriorly, apical macula anteriorly with white patches formed by clustered whitish to yellowish elongate scales; odd interstriae of same width or slightly narrower than even ones, both moderately vaulted, odd interstriae with alternating black tomentous and whitish or yellowish, evenly distributed patches formed by densely arranged, pale elongate scales giving impression that even interstriae are more vaulted, in subhumeral region on striae 7–8 densely arranged yellowish scales forming light irregular macula; striae very shallow, with irregular rows of small punctures; entire surface evenly sparsely covered with recumbent and subrecumbent thin, elongate (l/w 5–9) hair-like scales leaving integument visible. Venter: sparsely covered with whitish, long thin hair-like scales on lateral parts of meso- and metasternum, ventrites 3–4, entire metepisternum covered with densely arranged, often overlapping, yellowish elongate scales, margins of impression on ventrites 1 and 2, ventrites 3 and 4 most laterally, and median 2/3 of ventrite 5 covered with long, hair-like yellowish scales; mesosternal process very short, with shallow emargination at apex; metasternum slightly concave, evenly punctured, in median part transversally ribbed; ventrite 1, and most proximal part of ventrite 2 with medium deep impression; ventrite 1 1.8 × as long as ventrite 2, ventrites 1–2 combined 4.1 × as long as ventrites 3–4 combined, ventrites 3–4 combined of 0.8 length of ventrite 5. Legs: dark brown; profemora with small teeth, meso- and especially metafemora with very large triangular sharp teeth; femora covered with recumbent to subrecumbent elongate yellowish scales being in some extent unevenly distributed, forming indistinct transverse bands, tibiae and tarsi with suberect yellowish and brown elongate scales, at lateral tibial margins black and erect, tibiae with patches of light scales giving impression of transverse bands, onychia sparsely covered with whitish recumbent to subrecumbent hairs; protarsal onychia short, of 0.9 length of tarsomeres 1–3 combined; claws of almost same length. Penis: Figs 2 d–f, its body gradually tapered towards blunt apex.

Female. Rostrum moderately longer (Rl/Pl 1.55), apical part in mid-length slightly narrowed, antennal insertion at about 0.6 of rostrum length. Ventrites 1–2 without impression, claws of equal length.

Variability. Length ♂♂ 4.18–4.70 mm, ♀♀ 4.24–4.95 mm. This species is variable, especially in color and pat- tern of the vestiture and color of the integument, which may be reddish-brown on the elytra in some mature species. There is a marked variability in the shape of dorsal and preapical elytral maculae, especially specimens from the Caucasus and Transcaucasus have very large and striking lateral posthumeral light macula. As reported by Morris (2009), in England there are several populations of C. scrophulariae , which have underdeveloped scales on the pronotum. Body shape and proportions do not vary.

Diagnosis. This species is typified by the visible elytral integument, light maculae at margins of dorsal and preapical black macula, short antennal club, pronotum mostly completely covered with pale scales.

Comparative notes. This species is most closely related to C. tuberculosus , but clearly differs from it by the shorter antennal club, and the pronotum without a medial bare area.

Biological notes. Wingelmüller (1937) reported this species from Scrophularia nodosa , S. canina and S. auric- ulata (as S. aquatica ), Hoffmann (1958) confirmed this species from S. canina, Smreczyński (1976) confirmed also S. nodosa and added Limosella aquatica . A detailed biology including the description of immatures, and feeding of imagoes and immatures on S. nodosa including seasonal dynamics was reported by Read (1977). The first author reared one specimen from the larva found on S. canina ssp. hoppii (W. D. J. Koch) P. Fourn. in Karawanken Mts. (Kärnten, Austria), the second author collected this species from S.nodosa and S. canina in Italy.

Distribution. This species is widely distributed, occurring in all of Europe including Scandinavia (we have no data from Portugal), common in the Caucasus and Transcaucasus. Data are available also from the Middle East ( Lebanon and Syria) and West Siberia. The species occurs from the sea level up to 2,500 m a. s. l. according to the geographical latitude. In the Middle East and Central Asia ( Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan) the species is restricted to high elevations above 2,000 m a. s. l. The presence of this species in Madeira is doubtful ( Machado 2008).

Non-type specimens examined. We examined more than 540 specimens from the above countries and regions except for Madeira.

Figures

FIGURES 1–2. FIGURE 1. Cionus alauda. a: body in dorsal view (male), b: body in lateral view (male), c: rostrum in lateral view (female), d: penis in ventral view, e: penis in lateral view, f: apex of penis in dorsal view. Not to scale. FIGURE 2. Cionus scrophulariae. a: body in dorsal view (male), b: body in lateral view (male), c: rostrum in lateral view (female), d: penis in ventral view, e: penis in lateral view, f: apex of penis in dorsal view. Not to scale.