Harttia canastra, Caldas & Cherobim & Langeani, 2022

Caldas, Laís, Cherobim, Arieli Matheus & Langeani, Francisco, 2022, A new species of Harttia from the rio São Francisco basin (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), Neotropical Ichthyology (e 220051) 20 (4), pp. 1-19 : 5-13

Harttia canastra , new species

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B141D47F-D458-4951-A3DE-6EBC61441A46

( Figs. 1–4 ; Tab. 2 )

Harttia sp. — Casatti, Castro, 1998:232, 233, 236 [tabs. 1–2; fig. 3m, paratype, male; 5 ecology, spatial distribution, behavior, figure]. —Casatti, Castro, 2006:204, 206, 210–211 (tabs. 1–2; figs. 2–3, 8, ecomorphology).

Harttia cf. novalimensis . — Romero, Casatti, 2012:541 [ecology]. — Roa-Fuentes et al., 2015:170, 178 [ecomorphology, feeding behavior, list].

Harttia novalimensis (not Oyakawa). — Angulo, 2019:208 [brain comparative anatomy].

Harttia sp. São Roque. —Cherobim, 2022:282 (morphological phylogenetic relationships), 307 (appendix 1, material examined).

Harttia sp. São Francisco. —Cherobim, 2022:344 (in table), 356 (molecular phylogenetic relationships).

Holotype. LIRP 651 , male, 99.2 mm SL, Brazil, Minas Gerais State, rio São Francisco , São Roque de Minas municipality, Fazenda Casca D’Anta , 20 o 30’00”S 46 o 50’00”W, Dec 1993 – May 1995, L. Casatti, R. M. C. Castro & H. F. Santos.

Paratypes. Minas Gerais State, rio São Francisco . Arapuá municipality. DZSJRP 20129 , 5, 19.3–55.4 mm SL (1, 57.9 mm SL) brigde over the ribeirão Bebedouro , on land access to Chaves upstream from Arapuá , 19 o 02’50”S 46 o 09’26”W, 920 m asl, 27 Aug 2014, F. Langeani, A. M. Cherobim, B. N. Andrade & A. C. Rosa. São Roque de Minas municipality: LIRP 16932 , 25, 19.3–105.1 mm SL (16, 48.8–105.1 mm SL), same data as holotype. MZUSP 50751 , (1, 104.3 mm SL), same data as holotype. MZUSP 58677 , 10, 37.0– 103.3 mm SL (8, 50.2–103.3 mm SL), same data as holotype. DZSJRP 11432 , 8, 45.2–86.5 mm SL (3, 61.3–86.5 mm SL), Córrego Grande , surroundings of Parque Nacional Serra da Canastra , owned by Mr. Elmo, 20 o 20’25”S 46 o 27’56”W, 19 Jun 2008, R. M. Romero & C. P. Ferreira. DZSJRP 11450 , 3, 31.8–74.3 mm SL (2, 65.9–74.3 mm SL), same locality as DZSJRP 11432, 9 Dec 2008, R. M. Romero & G. H. Baviera. DZSJRP 11462 , (3, 48.9–79.1 mm SL), Córrego Grande , surroundings of Parque Nacional Serra da Canastra , owned by Mr. Elmo, 20 o 20’25”S 46 o 27’56”W, 23 Mar 2009, R. W. Romero & C. A. Roa-Fuentes. DZSJRP 11562 , 3, 39.2–108.9 mm SL (2, 102.0– 108.9 mm SL), Córrego Cachoeirinha , surroundings of Parque Nacional Serra da Canastra , in front of Brazil Diamond , 20 o 19’27”S 46 o 32’15”W, 25 Oct 2009, R. M. Romero & G. H. Baviera. DZSJRP 11568 , 1, 61.7 mm SL, same locality as DZSJRP 11562, 7 Nov 2009, R. M. Romero & G. H. Baviera. DZSJRP 11585 , 28, 24.4–66.3 mm SL (7, 55.2–66.3 mm SL; 1, c&s), Córrego Lavra , surroundings of Parque Nacional Serra da Canastra , property of Mr. Vitor, upstream bridge, 20 o 18’36”S 46 o 25’59”W, 9 Aug 2008, R. M. Romero & A. R. Manzotti. DZSJRP 11597 , 7, 50.9–53.9 mm SL (2, 50.9–53.9 mm SL), same locality as DZSJRP 11585, 27 Mar 2009, R. M. Romero & C. A. Roa-Fuentes. DZSJRP 11604 , 5, 44.1–68.5 mm SL (2, 51.9–64.2 mm SL), same locality as DZSJRP 11585, 5 Nov 2009, R. M. Romero & G. H. Baviera. DZSJRP 11650 , 5, 44.4–84.6 mm SL (4, 48.3–84.6 mm SL), Córrego Luciano , surroundings of Parque Nacional Serra da Canastra , park entrance under bridge, 20 o 18’46”S 46 o 31’46”W, 24 Mar 2009, R. M. Romero & C. A. Roa-Fuentes. DZSJRP 20172 , (2, 72.1–80.9 mm SL), São José do Barreiro , riacho Grande , road from Vargem Bonita to São José do Barreiro, towards cachoeira da Casca d’Anta , 20 o 20’10”S 46 o 27’47”W, 18 Nov 2014, F. Langeani, A. M. Cherobim & B. N. Andrade. DZSJRP 20180 , (7, 56.0– 82.7 mm SL), São José do Barreiro , on the road from Vargem Bonita to São José do Barreiro, 20 o 20’00”S 46 o 28’06”W, 18 Nov 2014, F. Langeani, A. M. Cherobim & B. N. Andrade. DZSJRP 20188 , 2, 45.4–81.9 mm SL (1, 81.9 mm SL), stream before the entrance of the Parque Nacional Serra da Canastra , São José do Barreiro, 20 o 19’16”S 46 o 31’58”W, 18 Nov 2014, F. Langeani, A. M. Cherobim & B. N. Andrade. INPA 59845 , 5, 44.4–60.0 mm SL (1, 60.0 mm SL), same locality as DZSJRP 11585, 5 Nov 2009, R. M. Romero & G. H. Baviera. MCP 54879 , 5, 29.8–75.9 mm SL (2, 50.3–75.9 mm SL), same data as DZSJRP 20188. MHNG 2787.091 , 5, 38.0–73.0 mm SL, same data as DZSJRP 20180. MNRJ 53314 , 5, 30.8–63.2 mm SL (3, 49.6–63.2 mm SL), same data as DZSJRP 20188 .

Non-types. Minas Gerais State, rio São Francisco, São Roque de Minas municipality: same locality as DZSJRP 11432: DZSJRP 11441, 4, 27.6–66.5 mm SL, 7 Aug 2008, R. M. Romero & A. R. Manzotti. DZSJRP 11445, 7, 15.3–58.0 mm SL, 8 Oct 2008, R. M. Romero & V. H. M. Prado. DZSJRP 11456, 4, 43.1–98.6 mm SL, 8 Feb 2009, R. M. Romero & G. H. Baviera. DZSJRP 11468, 6, 15.6–40.1 mm SL, Córrego Cerrado , surroundings of Parque Nacional Serra da Canastra , owned by Mr. Joaquim Evaristo, 20 o 20’0”S 46 o 28’31”W, 18 Jun 2009, R. M. Romero & C. P. Ferreira. Same locality as DZSJRP 11468: DZSJRP 11474, 12, 16.2–57.2 mm SL, 8 Ago 2008, R. M. Romero & A. R. Manzotti. DZSJRP 11483, 6, 11.7–46.8 mm SL, 9 Oct 2008, R. M. Romero & V. H. M. Prado. DZSJRP 11491, 10, 21.2–46.0 mm SL, 9 Dec 2008, R. M. Romero & G. H. Baviera. DZSJRP 11500, 2, 36.7–39.5 mm SL, 7 Feb 2009, R. M. Romero & G. H. Baviera. DZSJRP 11509, 1, 19.3 mm SL, 25 Mar 2009, R. M. Romero & C. A. Roa-Fuentes. DZSJRP 11516, 12, 52.4–52.5 mm SL, Córrego da Mandioca , surroundings of Parque Nacional Serra da Canastra , São José do Barreiro , Fazenda Passaredo, 20 o 18’53”S 46 o 26’22”W, 10 Jun 2008, R. M. Romero & C. P. Ferreira. Same locality as DZSJRP 11516: DZSJRP 11522, 16, 20.0–52.0 mm SL, 9 Aug 2008, R. M. Romero & A. R. Manzotti. DZSJRP 11535, 2, 29.4–31.6 mm SL, 25 Aug 2009, R. M. Romero & G. H. Baviera. DZSJRP 11528, 15, 29.9–53.5 mm SL, Córrego da Mandioca , bridge on the road, surroundings of Parque Nacional Serra da Canastra , São José do Barreiro , Fazenda Passaredo, 20 o 18’53”S 46 o 27’22”W, 8 Jun 2008, R. M. Romero & V. H. M. Prado. DZSJRP 11540, 3, 23.2–43.8 mm SL, same locality as DZSJRP 11528, 5 Nov 2009, R. M. Romero & G. H. Baviera. DZSJRP 11591, 7, 28.1–31.0 mm SL, same locality as DZSJRP 11585, 9 Out 2008, R. M. Romero & V. H. M. Prado. DZSJRP 15826, 1, 28.8 mm SL, same locality as DZSRP 11516, 8 Jun 2008, R. M. Romero and G. H. Baviera. Same locality as DZSJRP 11620: DZSJRP 11626, 6, 55.2–73.0 mm SL, 7 Aug 2008, R. M. Romero & A. R. Manzotti. DZSJRP 11632, 4, 31.1–97.4 mm SL, 24 Mar 2009, R. M. Romero & C. A. Roa-Fuentes.

Diagnosis. The naked abdomen between pectoral- and pelvic-fin girdles readily discriminates Harttia canastra from Harttia absaberi Oyakawa, Fichberg & Langeani, 2013 , H. dissidens Rapp Py-Daniel & Oliveira, 2001 , H. duriventris Rapp Py-Daniel & Oliveira, 2001 , H. fluminensis , H. fowleri (Pellegrin, 1908) , H. longipinna , H. panara Oyakawa, Fichberg & Rapp Py-Daniel, 2018 , H. punctata Rapp Py-Daniel & Oliveira, 2001 , H. rhombocephala , H. rondoni Oyakawa, Fichberg & Rapp Py-Daniel, 2018 , H. surinamensis Boeseman, 1971 , H. trombetensis Rapp Py-Daniel & Oliveira, 2001 , H. tuna , and H. villasboas Oyakawa, Fichberg & Rapp Py-Daniel, 2018 (vs. abdomen partially or completely covered by plates; Figs. 3B,C ). Harttia canastra can be distinguished from H. carvalhoi Miranda Ribeiro, 1939, H. garavelloi Oyakawa, 1993 , H. intermontana Oliveira & Oyakawa, 2019 , H. kronei Miranda Ribeiro, 1908, H. leiopleura , and H. novalimensis by having preanal plates (vs. preanal plates absent; Figs. 3A,D,E ). Furthermore, Harttia canastra can be distinguished from H. torrenticola by having two to four large trapezoidal preanal plates and dorsal-fin spinelet present (vs. two to four circular preanal plates and dorsal-fin spinelet absent; Fig. 3F ). It differs from Harttia gracilis Oyakawa, 1993 in that its lower and upper caudal rays are of same size (vs. upper ray slightly longer than the lower one). Harttia canastra can be distinguished from H. guianensis Rapp Py-Daniel & Oliveira, 2001 , H. loricariformis Steindachner, 1877 , and H. uatumensis Rapp Py-Daniel & Oliveira, 2001 by the presence of the dorsal-fin spinelet and by the hypertrophy of odontodes in the lateral region of the head, close to the canal plate, and in the unbranched pectoral fin ray in adult males (vs. absence of the dorsal-fin spinelet and males without hypertrophied odontodes). Distinguished from Harttia depressa by body depth 40.0–66.7% and head depth 35.7–52.6% of HL (vs. extremely depressed body and head, respectively 27.0–33.3% and 31.2–35.7% of HL). It differs from H. merevari by having anterior region of head more rounded, darker coloration and adult males with hypertrophied odontodes (vs. anterior region of head more triangular, light or dark yellow with many spots and males without hypertrophied odontodes). Finally, in relation to the other species of the rio São Francisco basin, H. canastra is distinguished from H. longipinna by the absence of plates in the abdominal region between pectoral-and pelvic-fin girdles and by the equivalent anal-fin length both in males and females (respectively 11.7–18.2% and 11.7–18.7% of SL; vs. partially covered abdomen and anal-fin length longer in males than in females (respectively 20.0–25.0% and 13.9–16.1% of SL; Fig. 3B ); from H. leiopleura and H. novalimensis for presenting preanal plates (vs. preanal plates absent; Figs. 3D,E ); and from H. torrenticola by having two large preanal trapezoidal plates (vs. two to four circular minute preanal plates; Fig. 3F ) and the dorsal-fin spinelet (vs. dorsal-fin spinelet absent).

Description. Examined material: 247 specimens (68 measured and counted). Small size, 48.3–108.9 mm SL ( Tab. 2 ). Body depressed and elongated, wider at cleithrum, progressively narrower from origin of pectoral fin to caudal peduncle. Dorsal profile convex from tip of snout to anterior region of dorsal fin, gently descending to caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of body straight from tip of snout to origin of anal fin, then gently ascending to caudal peduncle. Anterior region of head elliptical in dorsal view. Orbit rounded, preorbital crest rudimentary (crest not as prominent as in Amazonian Harttia species), inferior margin of orbit approximately straight (margin not as straight as Harttia loricariformis ). Snout tip naked. Maxillary barbel rudimentary and joined to lips. Lower lip larger than upper lip, both papillose. Lower lip usually reaching posterior margin of coracoid. Infraorbital sensory canal in six plates. Canal plate present. Premaxillary with 30–67 (40) and dentary with 29–70 (38) rounded, bicuspid, and subequal teeth. Abdominal plates between pectoral- and pelvic-fin girdles absent; two to four large and trapezoidal preanal plates, sometimes bordered by small plates; specimens smaller than 60 mm SL usually with no preanal plates. Five longitudinal series of plates on body: dorsal series, 19–27 (24) plates; mid-dorsal series, 12–20 (17) plates; median series, 25–30 (27) perforated plates; mid-ventral series, 14–21 (17) plates; ventral series, 19–23 (22) plates. Three to eight (five) rectangular and elongated lateral thoracic plates; plates between dorsal and caudal fin, 14–18 (16); plates from anal to caudal fin, 12–16 (14); two long, poreless supracaudal plates on the lateral line. Dorsal fin, II,7; dorsal-fin spinelet present; anal fin, i,5; pectoral fin, I,6; pelvic fin, i,5; caudal fin, i,12,i, forked, upper and lower unbranched rays subequal. Caudal peduncle, viewed from above, slightly more tapered after confluence of lateral plates series.

Coloration in alcohol. Light brown body with brown spots along dorsal region, forming four inconspicuous transverse bands, starting at origin of dorsal fin; ventral region light yellow. Pectoral, dorsal, pelvic, anal and caudal-fin rays with dark brown spots, interradial membrane hyaline.

Sexual dimorphism. Males with hypertrophied odontodes in the first pectoral-fin ray and in the lateral region of the head, close to the opercular opening, and an elongated urogenital papilla (vs. females without developed odontodes and with a short urogenital papilla, resembling a pore) ( Figs. 1–2 ).

Geographical distribution. Several locations in the rio São Francisco basin, mainly headwater streams around the Parque Nacional Serra da Canastra, Municipality of São Roque de Minas, State of Minas Gerais ( Fig. 4 ).

Ecological notes. Harttia canastra type locality consisted of an approximately 60 m riffle stretch with substrate consisting of sand, gravel, and rocks, current ranging 0.3– 2.3 m.s-1, width from 4–13 m, depth from 0.5–1.2 m, discharge from 1.8–3.2 m 3. s-1, subaquatic horizontal transparency from 1.6– 9.6 m, air temperature from 10–31.5 oC, water temperature from 12.4–23 oC, and dissolved oxygen from 8.9–21.7 mg. l-1 ( Casatti, Castro, 1998, 2006). Romero, Casatti (2012) and Roa-Fuentes et al. (2015) presented additional information about other localities where most of the paratypes were collected, and also about other species inhabiting the same sites. Other species occurring with Harttia canastra include: Apareiodon ibitiensis Amaral Campos, 1944 , A. piracicabae (Eigenmann, 1907) , Cetopsorhamdia iheringi Schubart & Gomes, 1959 , Characidium fasciatum Reinhardt, 1867 , C. zebra Eigenmann, 1909 , Creagrutus varii Ribeiro, Benine & Figueiredo, 2004 , Harttia cf. novalimensis , Hisonotus alberti Roxo, Silva, Waltz & Melo, 2016 , Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch, 1794) , Hypostomus garmani (Regan, 1904) , Neoplecostomus canastra Roxo, Silva, Zawadzki & Oliveira, 2017 , Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) , Parodon hilarii Reinhardt, 1867 , Phalloceros sp. , Piabarchus stramineus (Eigenmann, 1908) , Piabina argentea Reinhardt, 1867 , Psalidodon rivularis (Lütken, 1875) , Rhamdia aff. quelen (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) , Trichomycterus brasiliensis Lütken, 1874 , T. reinhardti (Eigenmann, 1917) , T. variegatus Costa, 1992 (all of them deposited at the DZSJRP fish collection).

Etymology. The name “ canastra ” refers to the Serra da Canastra, a mountain range located in the center-south of the state of Minas Gerais, which houses the headwaters of the rio São Francisco, where most of the specimens were collected. A noun in apposition.

Conservation status. The species was sampled in various localities in the rio São Francisco basin, some of them very near the Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra, a national conservation unit. This large distribution, together with its abundance and frequency of capture, suggests that Harttia canastra can be categorized as Least Concern ( LC) according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN) categories and criteria ( IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee, 2022).

Figures

FIGURE 1 | Harttia canastra, LIRP 651, male, holotype, 99.2 mm SL, Brazil, Minas Gerais State, rio São Francisco, São Roque de Minas municipality, Fazenda Casca D’Anta. A. Dorsal view; B. Lateral view; C. Ventral view.

FIGURE 2 | Harttia canastra, DZSJRP 20172, female, paratype, 80.9 mm SL, São José do Barreiro, riacho Grande, road Vargem Bonita to São José do Barreiro, towards Cachoeira Casca D’Anta. A. Dorsal view; B. Lateral view; C. Ventral view.

FIGURE 3 | Abdominal (yellow), thoracic (blue), preanal (pink), and canal (purple) plates: (A) Harttia intermontana, DZSJRP 20978, male, 53.6 mm SL, with a naked abdomen (Group 1), thoracic and canal plates present; (B) Harttia longipinna, DZSJRP 3666, paratype, male, 82.3 mm SL, with abdomen partially covered by plates (Group 2), preanal, thoracic and canal plates present; (C) Harttia duriventris, MZUSP 106199, male, 114.9 mm SL, with fully plated abdomen (Group 3), preanal, thoracic and canal plates present; (D) Harttia leiopleura, MZUSP 109373, 48.3 mm SL, with a naked abdomen (Group 1), preanal, thoracic, and canal plates absent; (E) Harttia novalimensis, MZUSP 99481, male, 49.0 mm SL, with a naked abdomen (Group 1), thoracic plates present, and preanal and canal plates absent; (F) Harttia torrenticola, MZUSP 94482, male, 85.5 mm SL, with a naked abdomen (Group 1), preanal, thoracic, and canal plates present; (G) Harttia canastra, LIRP 651, male, holotype, 99.2 mm SL, with a naked abdomen (Group 1), preanal, thoracic, and canal plates present.

FIGURE 4 | Distribution map of Harttia species from the rio São Francisco basin.

Tables

TABLE 2 | Measurements and counts of Harttia canastra. Standard length (mm), percentages of body measurements in relation to standard length (SL) or percentage of head measurements in relation to head length (HL). Dorsal fin origin (D), anal fin origin (A), caudal fin origin (C), standard deviation (SD). Total number of analyzed type-specimens=68.

Measurements	Holotype	Min-Max	Mean	SD
Standard length	99.2	48.3–108.9	69.4	–
Percents of standard length
Head length	26.9	24.6–30.8	27.0	1.3
Body depth	12.0	11.9–17.4	14.2	1.4
Body width	21.6	16.8–24.9	20.5	1.7
Body width (A)	16.7	12.3–21.8	15.6	1.4
Body width (C)	4.0	2.4–5.7	3.6	0.5
Predorsal length	37.2	35.1–41.1	38.0	1.3
Post-dorsal length	48.7	47.6–57.3	51.4	2.3
Post-anal length	38.3	36.7–47.5	42.4	2.4
Dorsal fin length	24.6	20.4–30.3	24.2	1.6
Pectoral fin length	31.6	20.4–31.7	24.9	2.2
Pelvic fin length	24.8	16.6–26.7	22.0	2.0
Anal fin length	17.3	11.7–18.7	15.2	1.5
Trunk length	20.6	16.5–22.8	19.3	1.4
Head depth	12.1	10.6–15.4	12.6	0.9
Percents of head length
Head width	94.8	77.9–98.9	89.3	4.7
Cleithral width	27.3	23.6–28.7	26.2	1.3
Eye diameter	12.0	9.3–17.8	13.9	1.6
Interorbital width	27.7	24.3–33.6	29.3	2.0
Snout length	59.2	50.4–63.4	57.4	3.5
Counts			Mode
Median series plates	27	25–30	27
Dorsal series plates	24	19–27	24
Mid-Dorsal series plates	17	12–20	17
Mid-Ventral series plates	19	14–21	17
Ventral series plates	22	19–23	22
Thoracic plates	8	3–8	5
Dorsal-caudal plates	17	14–18	16
Anal-caudal plates	14	12–16	14
Premaxillary teeth	48	30–67	40
Dentary teeth	43	29–70	38