Paranothrotes

Ünal, Mustafa, 2016, Pamphagidae (Orthoptera: Acridoidea) from the Palaearctic Region: taxonomy, classification, keys to genera and a review of the tribe Nocarodeini I. Bolívar, Zootaxa 4206 (1), pp. 1-223 : 109-110

Key to species groups, species and subspecies of Paranothrotes

1 Hind femur strongly and irregularly dentate on dorsal margin and with strongly undulate ventral margin ( Fig. 439 )......................................................................................... P. dentatus Ünal , sp. nov.

- Hind femur in usual form, with regularly and finely serrated dorsal margin Figs. 440–442 ).......................... 2

2 Arolium wide, triangular reaching to half of claws on fore legs ( Fig. 443 ); body very small (female: 27.7 mm, male: unknown)............................................................................... P. buzuldagi Ünal , sp. nov.

- Arolium narrow, not reaching to half of claws on fore legs ( Fig. 444 ); body distinctly larger......................... 3

3 Apical valves of penis very slender, small, not covered by the sheath of penis ventrally; lateral aperture of the sheath of penis absent; arch of zygoma strongly widened at apex ( Figs. 55 a, b, d, 56a, b, d); pseudolophi on epiphallus longitudinally oval ( Figs. 55 c, 56c); body surface quite smooth, with weak tubercles............................ ( P. opacus sp. group)...4

- Apical valves of penis stout and larger, covered by the sheath of penis ventrally in posterior view; lateral aperture of the sheath of penis present; arch of zygoma very narrow ( Figs. 57 a, b, d, 58a, b, d); pseudolophi on epiphallus transversally oval ( Figs. 57 c, 58c); body surface always with distinct tubercles........................................................7

4 Arch of zygoma strongly raised ( Fig. 55 a); abdominal tergites distinctly raised, with sharp posterior projections ( Figs. 477– 480 ); typical light bands on paranota reaching to median carina in male ( Figs. 477–478 ); body strongly compressed laterally; male phallic complex as in Figs. 55 a, b, c, d................................................. P. sulcatus Bolívar

- Arch of zygoma almost flat or slightly raised ( Fig. 56 a); abdominal tergites simple or slightly raised, with very smaller and blunter posterior projections ( Figs. 481–485 ); typical light bands on paranota reaching to lateral carina in male ( Figs. 481, 483 ); body relatively less compressed laterally............................................................. 5

5 Vertex in female narrow between the eyes, as wide as vertical diameter of eye or slightly wider (male unknown), with distinct carinulae and tubercles; fastigium of vertex narrow and elongated ( Fig. 445 )................... P. ocellatus Mistshenko

- Vertex in female wide between the eyes, 1.5 times wider than vertical diameter of eye, with weak carinulae and tubercles; fastigium of vertex clearly short and wide ( Fig. 446 )........................................................... 6

6 Hind tibia orange or bright red in both sexes; male phallic complex as in Figs. 56 a, b, c, d....... P. opacus opacus Brunner

- Hind tibia mainly black in both sexes, sometimes blackish or dark red in male; and bluish, greenish, or body color with weak bluish stains or fully body color in female........................................... P. opacus rectus Mistshenko

7 Body lighter in both sexes, mostly in various shades of brown; typical light band on abdomen always distinct in male ( Fig. 447 ); median carinula of vertex not reaching to anterior margin of eye; arch of zygoma shorter and wider; hind femur in female yellowish-cream, reddish or light grey on inner surface; ventral surface of hind femur in male at most dark grey; abdominal tergites relatively raised, with a sharp posterior projection ( Figs. 499–506 ), if simple then body clearly small ( Fig. 497–498 ).................................................................................................... 8

- Body strongly darkened, blackish dark grey in male, dark brown, blackish-brown or dark grey in female; typical light band on abdomen absent in male ( Fig. 448 ); median carinula of vertex long, reaching to anterior margin of eye; arch of zygoma longer and narrower; hind femur and tibia in both sexes black on inner and ventral surfaces; abdominal tergites simple, not raised, at most with a small posterior projection ( Figs. 507–512 ); body distinctly large...................( P. nigripes sp. group)...19

8 Body less compressed laterally and clearly low in lateral view, almost cylindrical (more distinct in female) ( Figs. 486–494 ); median carina of pronotum and abdominal tergites not raised or slightly raised without posterior projection; basal half of hind femur not strongly widened, gradually narrowing towards genicular lobes (especially in male), dorsal margin very finely serrated ( Fig. 449 )............................................................... ( P. gotvendicus sp. group)...9

- Body compressed laterally and high in lateral view ( Figs. 499–506 ); median carina of pronotum relatively, abdominal tergites distinctly raised with distinct sharper posterior projection; basal half of hind femur distinctly widened, stout, sharply narrowing towards genicular lobes (especially in male), dorsal margin with more distinct denticles ( Fig. 450 ).................................................................................................. ( P. margaritae sp. group)...16

9 Median carina of pronotum without longitudinal sulcus or distinct only anteriorly, if visible along its length then always clearly narrowing backwards ( Figs. 451–452 ); arch of zygoma not raised ( Fig. 57 a).................................... 10

- Median carina of pronotum with a distinct and wide longitudinal sulcus along its length, not narrowing backwards ( Figs. 553– 554 ); arch of zygoma distinctly raised ( Figs. 58 a, 59a)...................................................... 13

10 Longitudinal sulcus of median carina of pronotum absent; female unknown..................... P. asulcatus Demirsoy

- Longitudinal sulcus of median carina of pronotum present at least anteriorly.................................... 11

11 Frontal ridge distinctly incised just below the median ocellus; basal part of supra-anal plate smooth, without median longitudi-

nal sulcus; inner surfaces of hind femur and tibia whitish, slightly reddish. Male unknown.......... P. kosswigi Demirsoy - Frontal ridge slightly or not incised just below the median ocellus; supra-anal plate with median longitudinal sulcus along its length; inner surface of hind tibia red or black............................................................ 12

12 Median carina of pronotum with longitudinal sulcus visible only anteriorly ( Fig. 451 ); inner surface of hind tibia red; hind femur with black inner surface; fastigium of vertex strongly depressed................... P. eximius eximius Mistshenko

- Median carina of pronotum with a distinct longitudinal sulcus along its length, narrowing backwards ( Fig. 452 ); inner surface of hind tibia black in male, blackish-blue in female; hind femur with body color inner surface; fastigium of vertex flattened in female, slightly depressed in male; male phallic complex as in Figs. 57 a, b, c............. P. eximius bitlis Ünal , ssp. nov.

13 Female hind tibia bicolored, proximal part dark blue turning to red apically; found in S.W. Iran....... P. apicalis (Bolívar)

- Female hind tibia red, blue or black, if bicolored ( P. demawendi ) then proximal part pinkish blue; found in N. Iran...... 14

14 Frons distinctly sloping backwards, fastigium of vertex connected to frontal ridge under acute angle ( Fig. 455 ); male eye large ( Fig. 455 ) (vertical diameter 1.9 mm, transversal diameter 1.6 mm) 1.5 times wider than the distance between the frontal ridge and eye in lateral view; body low in lateral view (height of pronotum 4.7 mm in male syntype) ( Fig. 492 ); median carina of pronotum with a distinctly wide longitudinal sulcus ( Fig. 453 ); male phallic complex as in Figs. 58 a, b, c, d............................................................................................. P. gotvendicus (I. Bolívar)

- Frons more vertical, fastigium of vertex connected to frontal ridge under right angle ( Fig. 456 ); eye distinctly smaller ( Fig. 456 ) (vertical diameter 1.7 mm, transversal diameter 1.3 mm) only 1.09 times wider than the distance between the frontal ridge and eye in lateral view; body higher in lateral view (height of pronotum 5.1 mm in male paratype of P. tenuicornis ) ( Fig. 495 ); median carina of pronotum with clearly narrower longitudinal sulcus ( Fig. 454 ).................................. 15

15 Hind tibia in male black to dark red (black in the type), in female red to blue (reddish in the type); body more compressed, high in lateral view ( Figs. 495–496 ); male phallic complex as in Figs. 55 a, b, c.................... P. tenuicornis Mistshenko

- Hind tibia in male bright light red, in female pinkish blue in proximal part turning to red at apex or pinkish red along its length; body more cylindrical, lower in lateral view ( Figs. 497–498 )................................ P. demawendi (Ramme)

16 Hind tibia with red or yellow inner surface; male phallic complex as in Figs. 60 a, b, c............. P. margaritae (Miram)

- Hind tibia with black, bluish-black inner surface.......................................................... 17

17 Body slender, low in lateral view, more compressed laterally ( Fig. 506 ); vertex narrow, as wide as vertical diameter of eye in female ( Fig. 457 ); hind femur more slender ( Fig. 459 )..................................... P. nigrolobus Demirsoy

- Body larger and stouter, high in lateral view, wide in dorsal view ( Figs. 504–505 ); vertex wide, 1.3 times wider than vertical diameter of eye in female ( Fig. 458 ); hind femur stout ( Fig. 460 )............................................. 18

18 Arch of zygoma narrow; apical notch of apodemes distinct; basal valves of penis strongly widened ( Fig. 61 a, b); epiphallus as in Fig. 61 c; typical light band on pronotum distinct ( Fig. 461 ); median carina of pronotum with weaker longitudinal sulcus ( Fig. 462 ); body large (male: 27–30 mm)................................................. P. siirt Ünal , sp. nov.

- Arch of zygoma distinctly wider especially apically; apical notch of apodemes indistinct ( Fig. 465 ); basal valves of penis narrow; epiphallus as in Fig. 466 ; typical light band on pronotum indistinct ( Fig. 463 ); median carina of pronotum with more distinct longitudinal sulcus ( Fig. 464 ); body small (male: 21–23 mm); female unknown............... P. citimus Mistshenko

19 Median carina of pronotum with a deep and wide longitudinal sulcus along its length in both sexes ( Fig. 467 )............................................................................................ P. schelkovnikovi (Uvarov)

- Median carina of pronotum with a weak, much narrower and shallower longitudinal sulcus in both sexes ( Fig. 468 )..... 2 0

20 Hind tibia in female with light spines in dorsal view; pseudolophi on epiphallus separated, with 25–26 spines ( Fig. 470 )...................................................................................... P. ornatus Mistshenko

- Hind tibia in female with dark spines in dorsal view; pseudolophi on epiphallus fused in the middle, with 14–16 spines ( Fig. 469 )......................................................................... P. nigripes (Stshelkanovtzev)

Figures

FIGURES 439 – 460. Body parts. 439 – 442 female hind femur, 439 Paranothrotes dentatus, holotype; 440 Paranothrotes siirt, paratype; 441 Paranothrotes ocellatus; 442 Paranothrotes opacus opacus. 443 – 444 arolium of fore leg in female, 443 Paranothrotes buzuldagi, holotype; 444 Paranothrotes margaritae. 445 – 446 female vertex, 445 Paranothrotes ocellatus, holotype; 446 Paranothrotes opacus rectus, allotype. 447 – 448 dorsal view of abdomen in male, 447 Paranothrotes tenuicornis, holotype; 448 Paranothrotes nigripes. 449 – 450 male hind femur, 449 Paranothrotes gotvendicus, syntype; 450 Paranothrotes siirt, paratype. 451 – 454 longitudinal sulcus of pronotum in male, 451 Paranothrotes eximius eximius, holotype; 452 Paranothrotes eximius bitlis, paratype; 453 Paranothrotes gotvendicus, syntype; 454 Paranothrotes tenuicornis, holotype. 455 – 456 male head, 455 Paranothrotes gotvendicus, syntype; 456 Paranothrotes tenuicornis, paratype. 457 – 458 female vertex, 457 Paranothrotes nigrolobus; 458 Paranothrotes siirt, paratype. 459 – 460 female hind femur, 459 Paranothrotes nigrolobus; 460 Paranothrotes siirt, paratype.

FIGURES 55 – 68. Male phallic complex. a phallus lateral, b phallus dorsal, c epiphallus, d phallus posterior view. 55 Paranothrotes sulcatus; 56 Paranothrotes opacus opacus; 57 Paranothrotes eximius bitlis; 58 Paranothrotes gotvendicus; 59 Paranothrotes tenuicornis; 60 Paranothrotes margaritae; 61 Paranothrotes siirt; 62 Pseudonothrotes levis; 63 Eunothrotes derjugini; 64 Neoparanothrotes borumandi; 65 Nocaracris furvus kazdagi; 66 Nocaracris tunceli; 67 Nocaracris tardus; 68 Nocaracris emirdagi. Scales 1 mm (short scale for a, b, c; long scale for d).

FIGURES 461 – 480. Body parts and habitus. 461 – 462 Paranothrotes siirt, male holotype, 461 typical light band on pronotum; 462 ditto longitudinal sulcus of pronotum; 463 – 466 Paranothrotes citimus, male, 463 pronotum in paratype; 464 longitudinal sulcus of pronotum in holotype; 465 phallus in paratype; 466 epiphallus in paratype. 467 – 468 longitudinal sulcus of pronotum in male, 467 Paranothrotes schelkovnikovi, paralectotype; 468 Paranothrotes nigripes. 469 – 470 epiphallus, 469 Paranothrotes nigripes; 470 Paranothrotes ornatus. 471 – 473 Paranothrotes buzuldagi, female holotype, 471 habitus lateral; 472 ditto dorsal; 473 ditto subgenital plate. 474 – 476 Paranothrotes dentatus, female holotype, 474 habitus lateral; 475 ditto dorsal; 476 head and pronotum. 477 – 480 Paranothrotes sulcatus, habitus, 477 male syntype; 478 male not a type; 479 female syntype; 480 female not a type.

FIGURES 481 – 494. Habitus. 481 – 482 Paranothrotes opacus opacus, 481 male lectotype; 482 female paralectotype. 483 – 484 Paranothrotes opacus rectus, 483 male holotype; 484 female allotype. 485 Paranothrotes ocellatus, female holotype. 486 – 487 Paranothrotes eximius eximius, 486 male paratype; 487 female allotype. 488 – 491 Paranothrotes eximius bitlis, 488 male holotype; 489 ditto dorsal; 490 female paratype; 491 ditto dorsal. 492 – 493 Paranothrotes gotvendicus, 492 male syntype; 493 female syntype. 494 Paranothrotes apicalis, female syntype.

FIGURES 495 – 508. Habitus. 495 – 496 Paranothrotes tenuicornis, 495 male holotype; 496 female allotype. 497 – 498 Paranothrotes demawendi, 497 male holotype, mirror view; 498 female allotype. 499 – 500 Paranothrotes margaritae, 499 male; 500 female paratype. 501 Paranothrotes citimus, male holotype. 502 – 505 Paranothrotes siirt, 502 male holotype; 503 ditto dorsal; 504 female paratype; 505 ditto dorsal. 506 Paranothrotes nigrolobus, female. 507 – 508 Paranothrotes schelkovnikovi, 507 male lectotype; 508 female paralectotype.

FIGURES 522 – 554. Body parts. 522 – 527 hind femur, 522 Nocaracris niethammeri, male; 523 ditto female; 524 Nocaracris crassipes, male holotype; 525 ditto female paratype; 526 Nocaracris subrubratus, male paratype; 527 Nocaracris karshitoros, female paratype. 528 – 531 pronotal carinae in female, 528 Nocaracris bicoloripes; 529 Nocaracris dilekensis, holotype; 530 Nocaracris bodenheimeri; 531 Nocaracris burri. 532 – 536 female tympanum, 532 Nocaracris tunceli, paratype; 533 Nocaracris kosswigi; 534 Nocaracris bodenheimeri, without tympanum; 535 Nocaracris judithae; 536 Nocaracris minutus. 537 – 540 longitudinal sulcus of pronotum in female, 537 Nocaracris bulgaricus; 538 Nocaracris furvus furvus; 539 Nocaracris kosswigi; 540 Nocaracris tunceli, paratype. 541 – 544 female tympanum, 541 Nocaracris furvus furvus; 542 Nocaracris furvus kazdagi, paratype; 543 Nocaracris bulgaricus; 544 Nocaracris istanbul, holotype, without tympanum (right side). 545 – 546 Nocaracris istanbul, female holotype, 545 prosternum; 546 fastigium of vertex; 547 – 548 Nocaracris bulgaricus, 547 prosternum; 548 fastigium of vertex. 549 – 552 prosternum, 549 Nocaracris furvus furvus, male; 550 ditto female; 551 Nocaracris furvus kazdagi, male paratype; 552 ditto female paratype. 553 – 554 male fastigium of vertex, 553 Nocaracris rimansonae, lectotype; 554 Nocaracris tunceli, holotype.