Ixodes canisuga Johnston, 1849

Guglielmone, Alberto A., Petney, Trevor N. & Robbins, Richard G., 2020, Ixodidae (Acari: Ixodoidea): descriptions and redescriptions of all known species from 1758 to December 31, 2019, Zootaxa 4871 (1), pp. 1-322 : 17

39. Ixodes canisuga Johnston, 1849 .

A Palearctic species, all of whose parasitic stages are usually found on Carnivora : Canidae , but also on other Mammalia (several orders). Immature stages have occasionally been collected from Passeriformes : Passeridae , and Strigiformes : Strigidae . Ixodes canisuga is a very rare parasite of humans.

M: Nuttall and Warburton (1911); see note below

F: Johnston (1849)

N: Nuttall and Warburton (1911); see note below

L: Nuttall and Warburton (1911); see note below

Redescriptions

M: Arthur (1953 a, 1963), Babos (1964), Nosek and Sixl (1972), Hillyard (1996), Cordas et al. (1993), Estrada-Peña et al. (2017)

F: Arthur (1953 a, 1963), Babos (1964), Nosek and Sixl (1972), Cordas et al. (1993), Hillyard (1996), Estrada-Peña et al. (2017), Hornok et al. (2017a)

N: Arthur (1953 a, 1963), Babos (1964), Nosek and Sixl (1972), Cordas et al. (1993), Manilla and Iori (1993), Estrada-Peña et al. (2017)

L: Arthur (1953 a, 1963), Sénevet and Ripert (1967a), Nosek and Sixl (1972), Manilla and Iori (1992), Márquez et al. (1992), Cordas et al. (1993), Estrada-Peña et al. (2017)

Note: significant problems have attended attempts to properly define Ixodes canisuga . Thus, Filippova and Uspenskaya (1973) consider Ixodes canisuga valid, but Filippova (1977) treats this species as a synonym of Ixodes crenulatus , a view shared by other workers, while Feider (1965) considers Ixodes canisuga a synonym of Ixodes hexagonus . Some of the records of Ixodes canisuga listed in Nuttall and Warburton (1911) correspond, in fact, to Ixodes lividus , but the specimens used in Nuttall and Warburton (1911) to describe Ixodes canisuga are from dogs and appear to represent bona fide examples of this taxon. Regardless, descriptions in Nuttall and Warburton (1911) and several of the redescriptions above should be treated as tentative. Ixodes canisuga and related species, such as Ixodes crenulatus and Ixodes filippovae , are considered valid here, but there is a need for a comprehensive study of this group to clarify the status of the species involved. Filippova and Uspenskaya (1973) note the possibility of confusing Ixodes canisuga with Ixodes kaiseri , and Keirans (1985c) described in detail the confusion of several Ixodes species with Ixodes canisuga . Apart from the descriptions and redescriptions listed here, there are several redescriptions under the name Pholeoixodes canisuga that are not included in the above lists. See also Ixodes crenulatus and Ixodes kaiseri .