Psychropotes buglossa E. Perrier 1886

(SOSA), Senckenberg Ocean Species Alliance, Brandt, Angelika, Chen, Chong, Engel, Laura, Esquete, Patricia, Horton, Tammy, Jażdżewska, Anna M., Johannsen, Nele, Kaiser, Stefanie, Kihara, Terue C., Knauber, Henry, Kniesz, Katharina, Landschoff, Jannes, Lörz, Anne-Nina, Machado, Fabrizio M., Martínez-Muñoz, Carlos A., Riehl, Torben, Serpell-Stevens, Amanda, Sigwart, Julia D., Tandberg, Anne Helene S., Tato, Ramiro, Tsuda, Miwako, Vončina, Katarzyna, Watanabe, Hiromi K., Wenz, Christian & Williams, Jason D., 2024, Ocean Species Discoveries 1 – 12 — A primer for accelerating marine invertebrate taxonomy, Biodiversity Data Journal 12, pp. e 128431-e 128431 : e128431-

Psychropotes buglossa E. Perrier 1886

Psychropotes buglossa E. Perrier 1886: 283 , fig. 200; R. Perrier 1896: 902; R. Perrier 1900: 119; R. Perrier 1902: 445, fig. 7, pl. XX figs. 16–28; Hérouard 1923: 105, Plate I, fig. 32, Plate VI, fig. 2.

Psychropotes grimaldii Hérouard 1896: 167 , figs. 2 a – c; 1902: 25, plate III figs. 1, 2; plate VIII figs. 10–15.

Type material: Nineteen syntypes ( R. Perrier 1902); 13 individuals were collected in a single dredge. Specimens from this single dredge from between the Azores and France, Talisman Station 135, 43 ° 15 ' N, 21 ° 40 ' W, depth 4165 m, should be used to select a lectotype if this is considered necessary in the future. Fourteen syntypes are known to be in the collections of the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris: 2013-17710, 2013-17712, 2013-13194, 2013-13196, 2013-13197, 2013-13198, 2013-13199, 2013-13283, 2013-13299, 2013-13316, 2013-13317, 2013-13318, 2013-13327 and 2013-13338. Examined from photographs.

Type locality: NE Atlantic: Between the Azores and France, Talisman Station 135, 43 ° 15 ' N, 21 ° 40 ' W, depth 4165 m; Talisman Station 133, 42 ° 15 ' N, 23 ° 37 ' W, depth 3975 m; Talisman Station 134, 42 ° 19 ' N, 23 ° 36 ' W, depth 4060 m; Talisman Station 136, 44 ° 20 ' N, 19 ° 31 ' W, depth 4255 m; Talisman Station 137, 44 ° 29 ' - 44 ° 21 ' N, 15 ° 52 ' - 15 ° 53 ' W, depth 4975-5005 m; Coast of Morocco, Talisman Station 38, 30 ° 09 ' N, 14 ° 01 ' W, depth 2210 m.

Remarks: Edmond Perrier named this species in a popular book with a clear illustration of the whole animal in life position (E. Perrier (1886): 283, fig. 200). Rémy Perrier later described it in full, including E. Perrier’s previously-published illustration drawn from the largest of the syntype specimens ( R. Perrier 1896, R. Perrier 1902). The publication with the earliest use of the name with a clearly identifiable illustration is considered the taxonomic authority and, therefore, the early problems with synonymy of P. buglossa with the species P. grimaldii Herouard, 1896 are irrelevant as the name was actually validly published a decade earlier ( Hérouard 1896, R. Perrier 1896, R. Perrier 1900, Hérouard 1902, R. Perrier 1902, Hérouard 1923).

Material examined. Thirteen specimens collected by the RRS James Cook from the Porcupine Abyssal Plain Sustained Observatory in the NE Atlantic at 4840– 4629 m.

Materials

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: catalogNumber: JC 231-082 - 012 ; recordedBy: Amanda Serpell-Stevens | Tammy Horton; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; occurrenceStatus: present; preparations: ethanol; occurrenceID: 0CA1B0E7-3112-56DB-ACA2-B3421E717D69; Taxon: scientificNameID: urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:124773; scientificName: Psychropotes buglossa E. Perrier, 1886 ; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Echinodermata; class: Holothuroidea; order: Elasipodida ; family: Psychropotidae ; genus: Psychropotes ; specificEpithet: buglossa ; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: E. Perrier, 1886; nomenclaturalCode: ICZN; Location: locationID: http://marineregions.org/mrgid/63025; higherGeographyID: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/C19/current/; higherGeography: ATLANTIC OCEAN | NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN | NORTHEAST ATLANTIC OCEAN (40 W) | Porcupine Abyssal Plain; waterBody: NORTHEAST ATLANTIC OCEAN (40 W); locality: Porcupine Abyssal Plain - Sustained Observatory ; verbatimDepth: 4840 - 4844; minimumDepthInMeters: 4840; maximumDepthInMeters: 4844; maximumDistanceAboveSurfaceInMeters: 1.5; verbatimCoordinates: 48 ° 53.176 ' N, 016 ° 27.503 ' W to 48 ° 53.151 ' N, 016 ° 36.704 ' W; verbatimCoordinateSystem: degrees decimal minutes; verbatimSRS: EPSG: 4326; decimalLatitude: 48.8860752112; decimalLongitude: - 16.5350583759; geodeticDatum: EPSG: 4326; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 5603; coordinatePrecision: 0.00016666666666667; footprintWKT: LINESTRING (- 16.458 48.886, - 16.612 48.886); footprintSRS: EPSG: 4326; Identification: identifiedBy: Amanda Serpell-Stevens; dateIdentified: 2023; Event: eventID: JC 231-082; samplingProtocol: OTSB 14; eventDate: 13 / 05 / 2022 T 00: 01: 00 Z / 13 / 05 / 2022 T 02: 22: 00 Z; verbatimEventDate: 13 / 05 / 2022 00: 01 UTC - 13 / 05 / 2022 02: 22 UTC; fieldNumber: JC 231-082; fieldNotes: Hartman, S. E., 2022. RRS James Cook Cruise 231, 01 May - 19 May 2022. Time-series studies at the Porcupine Abyssal Plain Sustained Observatory. Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, 201 pp. (National Oceanography Centre Cruise Report, 77). | https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/533356/1/Report%2077_JC231_Hartman.pdf; eventRemarks: Good catch. Dist run = 11.205 km (6.05 nm).; Record Level: language: en; institutionID: https://www.gbif.org/grscicoll/institution/74ae2bc3-e5a8-443f-bc8b-89cc223500d1; institutionCode: NOC; collectionCode: DISCOLL; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: catalogNumber: JC 231-082 - EJC 05 ; recordedBy: Amanda Serpell-Stevens | Tammy Horton; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; occurrenceStatus: present; preparations: ethanol; associatedSequences: PP 079631; occurrenceID: F0CB18BE-2B7E-5C60-8C89-CD6169E1764B; Taxon: scientificNameID: urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:124773; scientificName: Psychropotes buglossa E. Perrier, 1886 ; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Echinodermata; class: Holothuroidea; order: Elasipodida ; family: Psychropotidae ; genus: Psychropotes ; specificEpithet: buglossa ; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: E. Perrier, 1886; nomenclaturalCode: ICZN; Location: locationID: http://marineregions.org/mrgid/63025; higherGeographyID: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/C19/current/; higherGeography: ATLANTIC OCEAN | NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN | NORTHEAST ATLANTIC OCEAN (40 W) | Porcupine Abyssal Plain; waterBody: NORTHEAST ATLANTIC OCEAN (40 W); locality: Porcupine Abyssal Plain - Sustained Observatory ; verbatimDepth: 4840 - 4844; minimumDepthInMeters: 4840; maximumDepthInMeters: 4844; maximumDistanceAboveSurfaceInMeters: 1.5; verbatimCoordinates: 48 ° 53.176 ' N, 016 ° 27.503 ' W to 48 ° 53.151 ' N, 016 ° 36.704 ' W; verbatimCoordinateSystem: degrees decimal minutes; verbatimSRS: EPSG: 4326; decimalLatitude: 48.8860752112; decimalLongitude: - 16.5350583759; geodeticDatum: EPSG: 4326; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 5603; coordinatePrecision: 0.00016666666666667; footprintWKT: LINESTRING (- 16.458 48.886, - 16.612 48.886); footprintSRS: EPSG: 4326; Identification: identifiedBy: Amanda Serpell-Stevens; dateIdentified: 2023; Event: eventID: JC 231-082; samplingProtocol: OTSB 14; eventDate: 13 / 05 / 2022 T 00: 01: 00 Z / 13 / 05 / 2022 T 02: 22: 00 Z; verbatimEventDate: 13 / 05 / 2022 00: 01 UTC - 13 / 05 / 2022 02: 22 UTC; fieldNumber: JC 231-082; fieldNotes: Hartman, S. E., 2022. RRS James Cook Cruise 231, 01 May - 19 May 2022. Time-series studies at the Porcupine Abyssal Plain Sustained Observatory. Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, 201 pp. (National Oceanography Centre Cruise Report, 77). | https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/533356/1/Report%2077_JC231_Hartman.pdf; eventRemarks: Good catch. Dist run = 11.205 km (6.05 nm).; Record Level: language: en; institutionID: https://www.gbif.org/grscicoll/institution/74ae2bc3-e5a8-443f-bc8b-89cc223500d1; institutionCode: NOC; collectionCode: DISCOLL; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: catalogNumber: JC 231-086 - 027 ; recordedBy: Amanda Serpell-Stevens | Tammy Horton; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; occurrenceStatus: present; preparations: ethanol; occurrenceID: FB805F75-1EF7-56B6-9752-DE14BBC99ADF; Taxon: scientificNameID: urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:124773; scientificName: Psychropotes buglossa E. Perrier, 1886 ; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Echinodermata; class: Holothuroidea; order: Elasipodida ; family: Psychropotidae ; genus: Psychropotes ; specificEpithet: buglossa ; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: E. Perrier, 1886; nomenclaturalCode: ICZN; Location: locationID: http://marineregions.org/mrgid/63025; higherGeographyID: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/C19/current/; higherGeography: ATLANTIC OCEAN | NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN | NORTHEAST ATLANTIC OCEAN (40 W) | Porcupine Abyssal Plain; waterBody: NORTHEAST ATLANTIC OCEAN (40 W); locality: Porcupine Abyssal Plain - Sustained Observatory ; verbatimDepth: 4838 - 4841; minimumDepthInMeters: 4838; maximumDepthInMeters: 4841; maximumDistanceAboveSurfaceInMeters: 1.5; verbatimCoordinates: 48 ° 54.974 ' N, 016 ° 43.110 ' W to 48 ° 51.613 ' N, 016 ° 48.225 ' W; verbatimCoordinateSystem: degrees decimal minutes; verbatimSRS: EPSG: 4326; decimalLatitude: 48.888235848; decimalLongitude: - 16.7611321281; geodeticDatum: EPSG: 4326; coordinateUncertaintyInMeters: 4408; coordinatePrecision: 0.00016666666666667; footprintWKT: LINESTRING (- 16.718 48.916, - 16.804 48.860); footprintSRS: EPSG: 4326; Identification: identifiedBy: Amanda Serpell-Stevens; dateIdentified: 2023; Event: eventID: JC 231-086; samplingProtocol: OTSB 14; eventDate: 13 / 05 / 2022 T 23: 34: 00 Z / 14 / 05 / 2022 T 01: 18: 00 Z; verbatimEventDate: 13 / 05 / 2022 23: 34 UTC - 14 / 05 / 2022 01: 18 UTC; fieldNumber: JC 231-086; fieldNotes: Hartman, S. E., 2022. RRS James Cook Cruise 231, 01 May - 19 May 2022. Time-series studies at the Porcupine Abyssal Plain Sustained Observatory. Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, 201 pp. (National Oceanography Centre Cruise Report, 77). | https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/533356/1/Report%2077_JC231_Hartman.pdf; eventRemarks: Good catch. Dist run = 8.816 km (6.05 nm).; Record Level: language: en; institutionID: https://www.gbif.org/grscicoll/institution/74ae2bc3-e5a8-443f-bc8b-89cc223500d1; institutionCode: NOC; collectionCode: DISCOLL; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: catalogNumber: JC 237-055 - 10 ; recordedBy: Amanda Serpell-Stevens | Tammy Horton; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; occurrenceStatus: present; preparations: ethanol; occurrenceID: 1964A273-0293-5055-BEEA-D481AAFBE665; Taxon: scientificNameID: urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:124773; scientificName: Psychropotes buglossa E. Perrier, 1886 ; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Echinodermata; class: Holothuroidea; order: Elasipodida ; family: Psychropotidae ; genus: Psychropotes ; specificEpithet: buglossa ; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: E. Perrier, 1886; nomenclaturalCode: ICZN; Location: locationID: http://marineregions.org/mrgid/63025; higherGeographyID: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/C19/current/; higherGeography: ATLANTIC OCEAN | NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN | NORTHEAST ATLANTIC OCEAN (40 W) | Porcupine Abyssal Plain; waterBody: NORTHEAST ATLANTIC OCEAN (40 W); locality: Porcupine Abyssal Plain - Sustained Observatory ; verbatimDepth: 4629; minimumDepthInMeters: 4629; maximumDepthInMeters: 4629; maximumDistanceAboveSurfaceInMeters: 1.5; verbatimCoordinates: 48 ° 57.3600 ' N, 016 ° 32.6885 ' W; verbatimCoordinateSystem: degrees decimal minutes; verbatimSRS: EPSG: 4326; decimalLatitude: 48.956; decimalLongitude: - 16.544808333333; geodeticDatum: EPSG: 4326; Identification: identifiedBy: Amanda Serpell-Stevens; dateIdentified: 2023; Event: eventID: JC 237-055 - 10; samplingProtocol: OTSB 14; eventDate: 28 / 08 / 2022 T 09: 35: 00 Z; verbatimEventDate: 28 / 08 / 2022 09: 35: 00 UTC; fieldNumber: JC 237-055 - 10; Record Level: language: en; institutionID: https://www.gbif.org/grscicoll/institution/74ae2bc3-e5a8-443f-bc8b-89cc223500d1; institutionCode: NOC; collectionCode: DISCOLL; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: catalogNumber: JC 247-056 - 044 ; recordedBy: Amanda Serpell-Stevens | Tammy Horton; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; occurrenceStatus: present; preparations: ethanol; occurrenceID: 3EAF517B-E625-5425-9FBE-E4B72F97BED7; Taxon: scientificNameID: urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:124773; scientificName: Psychropotes buglossa E. Perrier, 1886 ; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Echinodermata; class: Holothuroidea; order: Elasipodida ; family: Psychropotidae ; genus: Psychropotes ; specificEpithet: buglossa ; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: E. Perrier, 1886; nomenclaturalCode: ICZN; Location: locationID: http://marineregions.org/mrgid/63025; higherGeographyID: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/C19/current/; higherGeography: ATLANTIC OCEAN | NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN | NORTHEAST ATLANTIC OCEAN (40 W) | Porcupine Abyssal Plain; waterBody: NORTHEAST ATLANTIC OCEAN (40 W); locality: Porcupine Abyssal Plain - Sustained Observatory ; verbatimDepth: 4844 - 4846; minimumDepthInMeters: 4844; maximumDepthInMeters: 4846; maximumDistanceAboveSurfaceInMeters: 1.5; verbatimCoordinates: 49 ° 2.637 ' N, 016 ° 56.952 ' W to 48 ° 58.106 ' N, 016 ° 57.815 ' W; verbatimCoordinateSystem: degrees decimal minutes; verbatimSRS: EPSG: 4326; geodeticDatum: EPSG: 4326; Identification: identifiedBy: Amanda Serpell-Stevens; dateIdentified: 2023; Event: eventID: JC 247-056; samplingProtocol: OTSB 14; eventDate: 16 / 05 / 2023 T 22: 52: 00 Z / 17 / 05 / 2023 T 00: 34: 00 Z; verbatimEventDate: 16 / 05 / 2023 22: 52 UTC - 17 / 05 / 2023 00: 34 UTC; fieldNumber: JC 247-056; eventRemarks: Small, clean catch. Dist. Run = 8.464 km; Record Level: language: en; institutionID: https://www.gbif.org/grscicoll/institution/74ae2bc3-e5a8-443f-bc8b-89cc223500d1; institutionCode: NOC; collectionCode: DISCOLL; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: catalogNumber: JC 247-056 - 081 ; recordedBy: Amanda Serpell-Stevens | Tammy Horton; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; occurrenceStatus: present; preparations: ethanol; occurrenceID: 3EC1CA04-4CCB-5BA3-9BB6-2E3DBDCF3DCA; Taxon: scientificNameID: urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:124773; scientificName: Psychropotes buglossa E. Perrier, 1886 ; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Echinodermata; class: Holothuroidea; order: Elasipodida ; family: Psychropotidae ; genus: Psychropotes ; specificEpithet: buglossa ; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: E. Perrier, 1886; nomenclaturalCode: ICZN; Location: locationID: http://marineregions.org/mrgid/63025; higherGeographyID: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/C19/current/; higherGeography: ATLANTIC OCEAN | NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN | NORTHEAST ATLANTIC OCEAN (40 W) | Porcupine Abyssal Plain; waterBody: NORTHEAST ATLANTIC OCEAN (40 W); locality: Porcupine Abyssal Plain - Sustained Observatory ; verbatimDepth: 4844 - 4846; minimumDepthInMeters: 4844; maximumDepthInMeters: 4846; maximumDistanceAboveSurfaceInMeters: 1.5; verbatimCoordinates: 49 ° 2.637 ' N, 016 ° 56.952 ' W to 48 ° 58.106 ' N, 016 ° 57.815 ' W; verbatimCoordinateSystem: degrees decimal minutes; verbatimSRS: EPSG: 4326; geodeticDatum: EPSG: 4326; Identification: identifiedBy: Amanda Serpell-Stevens; dateIdentified: 2023; Event: eventID: JC 247-056; samplingProtocol: OTSB 14; eventDate: 16 / 05 / 2023 T 22: 52: 00 Z / 17 / 05 / 2023 T 00: 34: 00 Z; verbatimEventDate: 16 / 05 / 2023 22: 52 UTC - 17 / 05 / 2023 00: 34 UTC; fieldNumber: JC 247-056; eventRemarks: Small, clean catch. Dist. Run = 8.464 km; Record Level: language: en; institutionID: https://www.gbif.org/grscicoll/institution/74ae2bc3-e5a8-443f-bc8b-89cc223500d1; institutionCode: NOC; collectionCode: DISCOLL; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: catalogNumber: JC 247-056 - 082 ; recordedBy: Amanda Serpell-Stevens | Tammy Horton; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; occurrenceStatus: present; preparations: ethanol; associatedSequences: PP 079630; occurrenceID: EECD1497-F16B-53CF-BA5A-A36BA6116938; Taxon: scientificNameID: urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:124773; scientificName: Psychropotes buglossa E. Perrier, 1886 ; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Echinodermata; class: Holothuroidea; order: Elasipodida ; family: Psychropotidae ; genus: Psychropotes ; specificEpithet: buglossa ; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: E. Perrier, 1886; nomenclaturalCode: ICZN; Location: locationID: http://marineregions.org/mrgid/63025; higherGeographyID: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/C19/current/; higherGeography: ATLANTIC OCEAN | NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN | NORTHEAST ATLANTIC OCEAN (40 W) | Porcupine Abyssal Plain; waterBody: NORTHEAST ATLANTIC OCEAN (40 W); locality: Porcupine Abyssal Plain - Sustained Observatory ; verbatimDepth: 4844 - 4846; minimumDepthInMeters: 4844; maximumDepthInMeters: 4846; maximumDistanceAboveSurfaceInMeters: 1.5; verbatimCoordinates: 49 ° 2.637 ' N, 016 ° 56.952 ' W to 48 ° 58.106 ' N, 016 ° 57.815 ' W; verbatimCoordinateSystem: degrees decimal minutes; verbatimSRS: EPSG: 4326; geodeticDatum: EPSG: 4326; Identification: identifiedBy: Amanda Serpell-Stevens; dateIdentified: 2023; Event: eventID: JC 247-056; samplingProtocol: OTSB 14; eventDate: 16 / 05 / 2023 T 22: 52: 00 Z / 17 / 05 / 2023 T 00: 34: 00 Z; verbatimEventDate: 16 / 05 / 2023 22: 52 UTC - 17 / 05 / 2023 00: 34 UTC; fieldNumber: JC 247-056; eventRemarks: Small, clean catch. Dist. Run = 8.464 km; Record Level: language: en; institutionID: https://www.gbif.org/grscicoll/institution/74ae2bc3-e5a8-443f-bc8b-89cc223500d1; institutionCode: NOC; collectionCode: DISCOLL; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: catalogNumber: JC 247-056 - 083 ; recordedBy: Amanda Serpell-Stevens | Tammy Horton; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; occurrenceStatus: present; preparations: ethanol; occurrenceID: 82D0433F-0B9F-5100-8FDA-9A576ED91341; Taxon: scientificNameID: urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:124773; scientificName: Psychropotes buglossa E. Perrier, 1886 ; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Echinodermata; class: Holothuroidea; order: Elasipodida ; family: Psychropotidae ; genus: Psychropotes ; specificEpithet: buglossa ; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: E. Perrier, 1886; nomenclaturalCode: ICZN; Location: locationID: http://marineregions.org/mrgid/63025; higherGeographyID: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/C19/current/; higherGeography: ATLANTIC OCEAN | NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN | NORTHEAST ATLANTIC OCEAN (40 W) | Porcupine Abyssal Plain; waterBody: NORTHEAST ATLANTIC OCEAN (40 W); locality: Porcupine Abyssal Plain - Sustained Observatory ; verbatimDepth: 4844 - 4846; minimumDepthInMeters: 4844; maximumDepthInMeters: 4846; maximumDistanceAboveSurfaceInMeters: 1.5; verbatimCoordinates: 49 ° 2.637 ' N, 016 ° 56.952 ' W to 48 ° 58.106 ' N, 016 ° 57.815 ' W; verbatimCoordinateSystem: degrees decimal minutes; verbatimSRS: EPSG: 4326; geodeticDatum: EPSG: 4326; Identification: identifiedBy: Amanda Serpell-Stevens; dateIdentified: 2023; Event: eventID: JC 247-056; samplingProtocol: OTSB 14; eventDate: 16 / 05 / 2023 T 22: 52: 00 Z / 17 / 05 / 2023 T 00: 34: 00 Z; verbatimEventDate: 16 / 05 / 2023 22: 52 UTC - 17 / 05 / 2023 00: 34 UTC; fieldNumber: JC 247-056; eventRemarks: Small, clean catch. Dist. Run = 8.464 km; Record Level: language: en; institutionID: https://www.gbif.org/grscicoll/institution/74ae2bc3-e5a8-443f-bc8b-89cc223500d1; institutionCode: NOC; collectionCode: DISCOLL; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: catalogNumber: JC 247-051 - 011 ; recordedBy: Amanda Serpell-Stevens | Tammy Horton; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; occurrenceStatus: present; preparations: ethanol; occurrenceID: 005A913C-752A-53BF-AFC2-BF1C89FE3B48; Taxon: scientificNameID: urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:124773; scientificName: Psychropotes buglossa E. Perrier, 1886 ; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Echinodermata; class: Holothuroidea; order: Elasipodida ; family: Psychropotidae ; genus: Psychropotes ; specificEpithet: buglossa ; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: E. Perrier, 1886; nomenclaturalCode: ICZN; Location: locationID: http://marineregions.org/mrgid/63025; higherGeographyID: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/C19/current/; higherGeography: ATLANTIC OCEAN | NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN | NORTHEAST ATLANTIC OCEAN (40 W) | Porcupine Abyssal Plain; waterBody: NORTHEAST ATLANTIC OCEAN (40 W); locality: Porcupine Abyssal Plain - Sustained Observatory ; verbatimDepth: 4843 - 4848; minimumDepthInMeters: 4843; maximumDepthInMeters: 4848; maximumDistanceAboveSurfaceInMeters: 1.5; verbatimCoordinates: 49 ° 5.435 ' N, 016 ° 53.023 ' W to 49 ° 01.021 ' N, 016 ° 57.875 ' W; verbatimCoordinateSystem: degrees decimal minutes; verbatimSRS: EPSG: 4326; geodeticDatum: EPSG: 4326; Identification: identifiedBy: Amanda Serpell-Stevens; dateIdentified: 2023; Event: eventID: JC 247-051; samplingProtocol: OTSB 14; eventDate: 17 / 05 / 2023 T 21: 51: 00 Z / 18 / 05 / 2023 T 01: 00: 00 Z; verbatimEventDate: 17 / 05 / 2023 22: 51 UTC - 18 / 05 / 2023 01: 00 UTC; fieldNumber: JC 247-051; eventRemarks: Moderate, clean catch. Dist. Run = 10.075 km; Record Level: language: en; institutionID: https://www.gbif.org/grscicoll/institution/74ae2bc3-e5a8-443f-bc8b-89cc223500d1; institutionCode: NOC; collectionCode: DISCOLL; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: catalogNumber: JC 247-051 - 079 ; recordedBy: Amanda Serpell-Stevens | Tammy Horton; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; occurrenceStatus: present; preparations: ethanol; occurrenceID: CB0FE904-DDBC-531A-ADE1-3EBC95F13B9A; Taxon: scientificNameID: urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:124773; scientificName: Psychropotes buglossa E. Perrier, 1886 ; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Echinodermata; class: Holothuroidea; order: Elasipodida ; family: Psychropotidae ; genus: Psychropotes ; specificEpithet: buglossa ; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: E. Perrier, 1886; nomenclaturalCode: ICZN; Location: locationID: http://marineregions.org/mrgid/63025; higherGeographyID: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/C19/current/; higherGeography: ATLANTIC OCEAN | NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN | NORTHEAST ATLANTIC OCEAN (40 W) | Porcupine Abyssal Plain; waterBody: NORTHEAST ATLANTIC OCEAN (40 W); locality: Porcupine Abyssal Plain - Sustained Observatory ; verbatimDepth: 4843 - 4848; minimumDepthInMeters: 4843; maximumDepthInMeters: 4848; maximumDistanceAboveSurfaceInMeters: 1.5; verbatimCoordinates: 49 ° 5.435 ' N, 016 ° 53.023 ' W to 49 ° 01.021 ' N, 016 ° 57.875 ' W; verbatimCoordinateSystem: degrees decimal minutes; verbatimSRS: EPSG: 4326; geodeticDatum: EPSG: 4326; Identification: identifiedBy: Amanda Serpell-Stevens; dateIdentified: 2023; Event: eventID: JC 247-051; samplingProtocol: OTSB 14; eventDate: 17 / 05 / 2023 T 21: 51: 00 Z / 18 / 05 / 2023 T 01: 00: 00 Z; verbatimEventDate: 17 / 05 / 2023 22: 51 UTC - 18 / 05 / 2023 01: 00 UTC; fieldNumber: JC 247-051; eventRemarks: Moderate, clean catch. Dist. Run = 10.075 km; Record Level: language: en; institutionID: https://www.gbif.org/grscicoll/institution/74ae2bc3-e5a8-443f-bc8b-89cc223500d1; institutionCode: NOC; collectionCode: DISCOLL; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: catalogNumber: JC 247-051 - 033 ; recordedBy: Amanda Serpell-Stevens | Tammy Horton; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; occurrenceStatus: present; preparations: ethanol; occurrenceID: 688EC9CB-D74F-5981-91C4-27F16FD729A7; Taxon: scientificNameID: urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:124773; scientificName: Psychropotes buglossa E. Perrier, 1886 ; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Echinodermata; class: Holothuroidea; order: Elasipodida ; family: Psychropotidae ; genus: Psychropotes ; specificEpithet: buglossa ; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: E. Perrier, 1886; nomenclaturalCode: ICZN; Location: locationID: http://marineregions.org/mrgid/63025; higherGeographyID: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/C19/current/; higherGeography: ATLANTIC OCEAN | NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN | NORTHEAST ATLANTIC OCEAN (40 W) | Porcupine Abyssal Plain; waterBody: NORTHEAST ATLANTIC OCEAN (40 W); locality: Porcupine Abyssal Plain - Sustained Observatory ; verbatimDepth: 4843 - 4848; minimumDepthInMeters: 4843; maximumDepthInMeters: 4848; maximumDistanceAboveSurfaceInMeters: 1.5; verbatimCoordinates: 49 ° 5.435 ' N, 016 ° 53.023 ' W to 49 ° 01.021 ' N, 016 ° 57.875 ' W; verbatimCoordinateSystem: degrees decimal minutes; verbatimSRS: EPSG: 4326; geodeticDatum: EPSG: 4326; Identification: identifiedBy: Amanda Serpell-Stevens; dateIdentified: 2023; Event: eventID: JC 247-051; samplingProtocol: OTSB 14; eventDate: 17 / 05 / 2023 T 21: 51: 00 Z / 18 / 05 / 2023 T 01: 00: 00 Z; verbatimEventDate: 17 / 05 / 2023 22: 51 UTC - 18 / 05 / 2023 01: 00 UTC; fieldNumber: JC 247-051; eventRemarks: Moderate, clean catch. Dist. Run = 10.075 km; Record Level: language: en; institutionID: https://www.gbif.org/grscicoll/institution/74ae2bc3-e5a8-443f-bc8b-89cc223500d1; institutionCode: NOC; collectionCode: DISCOLL; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: catalogNumber: JC 247-051 - 005 ; recordedBy: Amanda Serpell-Stevens | Tammy Horton; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; occurrenceStatus: present; preparations: ethanol; occurrenceID: 482F656C-AEB3-5974-A3AA-04D7677DDEF4; Taxon: scientificNameID: urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:124773; scientificName: Psychropotes buglossa E. Perrier, 1886 ; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Echinodermata; class: Holothuroidea; order: Elasipodida ; family: Psychropotidae ; genus: Psychropotes ; specificEpithet: buglossa ; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: E. Perrier, 1886; nomenclaturalCode: ICZN; Location: locationID: http://marineregions.org/mrgid/63025; higherGeographyID: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/C19/current/; higherGeography: ATLANTIC OCEAN | NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN | NORTHEAST ATLANTIC OCEAN (40 W) | Porcupine Abyssal Plain; waterBody: NORTHEAST ATLANTIC OCEAN (40 W); locality: Porcupine Abyssal Plain - Sustained Observatory ; verbatimDepth: 4843 - 4848; minimumDepthInMeters: 4843; maximumDepthInMeters: 4848; maximumDistanceAboveSurfaceInMeters: 1.5; verbatimCoordinates: 49 ° 5.435 ' N, 016 ° 53.023 ' W to 49 ° 01.021 ' N, 016 ° 57.875 ' W; verbatimCoordinateSystem: degrees decimal minutes; verbatimSRS: EPSG: 4326; geodeticDatum: EPSG: 4326; Identification: identifiedBy: Amanda Serpell-Stevens; dateIdentified: 2023; Event: eventID: JC 247-051; samplingProtocol: OTSB 14; eventDate: 17 / 05 / 2023 T 21: 51: 00 Z / 18 / 05 / 2023 T 01: 00: 00 Z; verbatimEventDate: 17 / 05 / 2023 22: 51 UTC - 18 / 05 / 2023 01: 00 UTC; fieldNumber: JC 247-051; eventRemarks: Moderate, clean catch. Dist. Run = 10.075 km; Record Level: language: en; institutionID: https://www.gbif.org/grscicoll/institution/74ae2bc3-e5a8-443f-bc8b-89cc223500d1; institutionCode: NOC; collectionCode: DISCOLL; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: catalogNumber: JC 247-051 - 110 ; recordedBy: Amanda Serpell-Stevens | Tammy Horton; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; occurrenceStatus: present; preparations: ethanol; occurrenceID: D66060DC-CCBA-5CC6-A333-4225C0752AD6; Taxon: scientificNameID: urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:124773; scientificName: Psychropotes buglossa E. Perrier, 1886 ; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Echinodermata; class: Holothuroidea; order: Elasipodida ; family: Psychropotidae ; genus: Psychropotes ; specificEpithet: buglossa ; taxonRank: species; scientificNameAuthorship: E. Perrier, 1886; nomenclaturalCode: ICZN; Location: locationID: http://marineregions.org/mrgid/63025; higherGeographyID: http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/C19/current/; higherGeography: ATLANTIC OCEAN | NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN | NORTHEAST ATLANTIC OCEAN (40 W) | Porcupine Abyssal Plain; waterBody: NORTHEAST ATLANTIC OCEAN (40 W); locality: Porcupine Abyssal Plain - Sustained Observatory ; verbatimDepth: 4843 - 4848; minimumDepthInMeters: 4843; maximumDepthInMeters: 4848; maximumDistanceAboveSurfaceInMeters: 1.5; verbatimCoordinates: 49 ° 5.435 ' N, 016 ° 53.023 ' W to 49 ° 01.021 ' N, 016 ° 57.875 ' W; verbatimCoordinateSystem: degrees decimal minutes; verbatimSRS: EPSG: 4326; geodeticDatum: EPSG: 4326; Identification: identifiedBy: Amanda Serpell-Stevens; dateIdentified: 2023; Event: eventID: JC 247-051; samplingProtocol: OTSB 14; eventDate: 17 / 05 / 2023 T 21: 51: 00 Z / 18 / 05 / 2023 T 01: 00: 00 Z; verbatimEventDate: 17 / 05 / 2023 22: 51 UTC - 18 / 05 / 2023 01: 00 UTC; fieldNumber: JC 247-051; eventRemarks: Moderate, clean catch. Dist. Run = 10.075 km; Record Level: language: en; institutionID: https://www.gbif.org/grscicoll/institution/74ae2bc3-e5a8-443f-bc8b-89cc223500d1; institutionCode: NOC; collectionCode: DISCOLL; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Description

Body length in preservative up to 230 mm. Fresh and preserved specimens dark violet (see Fig. 48 ). Body elongated and of even height along its length, slightly depressed at the anterior end. Tentacles 18, anterior and posterior brim distinct, widest at well-developed anterior end. Anterior brim consists of 13–17 pairs of small tube feet; posterior brim with 3–6 pairs of small tube feet. Usually 10 pairs of large ventrolateral tube feet (up to 11 pairs). Mid-ventral tube feet conspicuous in an alternating double row (between 13 and 20 pairs). Usually with 5 pairs of minute dorsal papillae. Unpaired dorsal appendage large, placed at the posterior end of the body, base almost as broad as the body, terminal end variable from acutely rounded to subsquare, length variable, but usually more than half the length of the body. Not considered a reliable character owing to damage in many specimens.

Dorsal ossicles (Fig. 49 ) two layers (superficial and deeper dermal) of densely arranged cruciform deposits. Ossicles in the superficial layer (Fig. 49 B, I 16–18) are large (225 μm), strongly convex, equally broad as high, bearing very long apical spines, with the central apical spine tallest, decreasing distally; central apical spine sometimes bifurcated or multiple apical spines present.

Dorsal ossicles in the deeper dermal layer (Fig. 49 A, C – E and I 21–22) smaller cruciform deposits around 180 μm, overall generally flat, with arms very slightly curved and somewhat irregular, with a small central spine, arms with occasional small spines. Dorsal appendage ossicles (Fig. 49 F, G), cruciform with very thin long straight arms with small spines, relatively sparse in the tissue, 240–280 μm from tip to tip. Rarely present, small irregular solid ossicles, oblong, but angled with ornamenting thorns, around 75 μm. Ventral ossicles similar to those of the deeper dermal layer with arms often less ornamented (Fig. 49 H).

Diagnosis

Tentacles 18, anterior brim 13–17 pairs of small tube feet, posterior brim 3–6 pairs of small tube feet, 10 (9–11) large ventrolateral tube feet, 13–20 pairs of mid-ventral tube feet in alternating double rows, 5 pairs of minute dorsal papillae, large unpaired dorsal appendage at posterior end of body. Dorsal superficial layer ossicles strongly convex, as broad as high, with very long apical spines, central apical spine tallest, sometimes bifurcated or multiple apical spines present. Modified after E. Perrier (1886) and R. Perrier (1902).

Distribution

Known from the type locality in the NE Atlantic between the Azores and France, Talisman Station 135, 43 ° 15 ' N, 21 ° 40 ' W, 4165 m and the Porcupine Abyssal Plain, 4840– 4629 m (this study).

Taxon discussion

Psychropotes buglossa was synonymised, along with 11 other nominal taxa, under P. longicauda by Hansen (1975), who considered this a cosmopolitan and variable species. This view prevailed until the DNA analyses by Gubili et al. (2017) revealed that the species comprised a number of different clades. The type locality of P. longicauda has been restricted to the Antarctic part of the Indian Ocean ( Gebruk et al. 2020) and a number of names previously included as junior synonyms of P. longicauda have been re-established as separate lineages and valid species ( Gebruk et al. 2020). In their revision, Gebruk et al. (2020) explicitly excluded the Atlantic species P. buglossa , P. grimaldii and P. fucata R. Perrier, 1896 , as junior synonyms in the revised synonymy for P. longicauda , noting that further work was required to determine their validity.

P. grimaldii is herein synonymised with P. buglossa but the status of P. fucata , which was collected only once from the same type locality and depth as P. buglossa , requires further material from the North Atlantic to confirm its validity and it is, therefore, here designated species inquirenda. P. raripes known from the North Pacific, is included in Table 5 since it is genetically very similar and is nested in the same molecular clade as P. buglossa in Gubili et al. (2017).

Psychropotes buglossa can be distinguished from P. longicauda by the larger number of pairs of ventrolateral tube feet (25–26 in P. longicauda vs. 10 in P. buglossa ), mid-ventral tube feet and characters of the ossicles (Table 5 , Fig. 49 ). Psychropotes buglossa is differentiated from P. fucata by the smaller number of pairs of dorsal papillae (3) and by the shape of the ossicles which are not as highly thorned or as varied in form as those in P. buglossa . Psychropotes buglossa is differentiated from P. raripes by the smaller number of pairs of ventrolateral tube feet (7-8) and by the shape of the ossicles.

Psychropotes buglossa is considered here to be recognised as valid. Therefore, P. buglossa is re-established as the valid name for the common and abundant species occurring in the Atlantic at abyssal depths at the Porcupine Abyssal Plain Sustained Observatory ( Hartman et al. 2021). COI sequences for two specimens examined here ( JC 231-082 - EJC- 05; JC 247-056 - 082) were 100 % identical to “ haplotype 23 ” from the NE Atlantic, Porcupine Abyssal Plain of Gubili et al. (2017) in the region where the fragments overlap. Haplotype 23 was not reported outside of the NE Atlantic Ocean in their study. Sequences deposited in GenBank have accession numbers PP 079630 and PP 079631.

Notes

Methods

Samples used in this study were collected by means of OTSB 14 trawls deployed at the Porcupine Abyssal Plain at depths of 4629–4848 m during 2022 and 2023 on the RRS James Cook (Cruises JC 231 ( Hartman et al. 2022), JC 237 ( Huvenne 2024) and JC 247 ( Gates et al. 2023)) preserved in 95 % ethanol. Tissue snips from two specimens ( JC 231-082 - EJC- 05; JC 247-056 - 082, in the NOC Discovery Collections; http://grbio.org/cool/91qj-xx7i) were used for DNA extraction using QIAamp DNA Micro Kit ( QIAGEN), following the manufacturer’s protocol. The cytochrome oxidase subunit I ( COI primers COIef and COIer, Arndt et al. (1996), Miller et al. (2017)) and 12 S ribosomal DNA (12 S primers 12 SA and 12 SB, Janies et al. (2011), Miller et al. (2017)) were amplified using repliQa HiFi ToughMix from ThermoFisher, following the PCR programmes for COI and 12 S from Thomas et al. (2020). Ossicles preparations were made using tissue from the respective area of the body of the specimen which was then dissolved using thin bleach to reveal the ossicles, visualised with a Hitachi tabletop SEM.

Figures

Figure 48. Photographs of specimen JC 231-055 - 10 of Psychropotes buglossa E. Perrier, 1886. A. Collection by ROV ISIS; B. Fresh specimen, prior to preservation.

Figure 49. SEM images of ossicles (dermal deposits) prepared from specimen JC 247-056 - 082 of Psychropotes buglossa E. Perrier, 1886. A. Cluster of prepared ossicles from dorsal surface, showing additional broken fragments; B. Superficial layer dorsal ossicle with adjacent broken thorn; C – E. Typical dorsal ossicles; F – G. Dorsal appendage ossicles; H. Typical ventral ossicle; I. Extract from R. Perrier, 1902, Plate XX (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/44798009); figs. 16-18, superficial dermal layer dorsal ossicles; figs. 21-22, deeper dermal layer dorsal ossicles. Scale bars: 100 μm (A), 50 μm (B – H).