Tegenaria pagana, C. L. KOCH, 1840

Bolzern, Angelo, Burckhardt, Daniel & Hänggi, Ambros, 2013, Phylogeny and taxonomy of European funnel-web spiders of the Tegenaria-Malthonica complex (Araneae: Agelenidae) based upon morphological and molecular data, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 168 (4), pp. 723-848 : 805-806

publication ID

https://doi.org/ 10.1111/zoj.12040

publication LSID

lsid:zoobank.org:pub:28796C66-FD49-4FA9-8D0F-21DD495AA88A

DOI

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5290291

persistent identifier

https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BD701413-E26F-B611-54CA-FBE5C5161290

treatment provided by

Marcus

scientific name

Tegenaria pagana
status

stat. nov.

TEGENARIA PAGANA C. L. KOCH, 1840 View in CoL , STAT. REV.

( FIG. 23K–W View Figure 23 )

Tegenaria pagana C. L. Koch, 1841: 31 View in CoL , 32, pl. 262, figs 612, 613.

Tegenaria subtilis Simon, 1870: 275–277 ; Simon, 1873: 170, pl. 1, figs 9, 10, male; Thorell, 1875a: 77.

Tegenaria testacea Simon, 1870: 278–280 View in CoL , male; female belongs to Teg. domestica View in CoL (see Machado, 1941).

Tegenaria proxima Pickard-Cambridge, 1873: 217 View in CoL , 218, male.

Tegenaria variata Thorell, 1875c: 74 , 75, female.

Tegenaria urbana Simon, 1875: 67–69 View in CoL .

Tegenaria bidentata Keyserling, 1878: 597–599 View in CoL , pl. 14, fig. 19, male.

Tegenaria modesta Keyserling, 1878: 594–597 , pl. 14, fig. 18, female (male, fig. 17, is a synonym of Teg. domestica View in CoL ), syn. nov.

Tegenaria obscura Banks, 1898: 230 View in CoL , pl. 14, fig. 26; synonymized by Roth (1956: 176).

Tegenaria pagana cavernicola Simon, 1907: 547 View in CoL , 548.

Tegenaria pagana proxima: Strand, 1909: 585 View in CoL , 586.

Tegenaria antrias Crosby, 1936: 2 View in CoL , pl. 1, fig. 3, female; Roth, 1952: 284, 285, synonymized by Roth (1956: 176).

Tegenaria simplex Bryant, 1936: 90 , 91, pl. 3, fig. 9, female.

Tegenaria pagana urbana: Simon, 1937: 1010, 1041 View in CoL , syn. nov.

Tegenaria castro Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942: 21 , 22, pl. 3, figs 27–29.

Philoicides pallidus de Mello-Leitão, 1944: 335 , fig. 21, female; Roth, 1967: 314, pl. 51, fig. 3; synonymized by Ramirez, Grismado & Blick (2004).

Tegenaria cerrutii Roewer, 1960: 91–93 View in CoL , fig. 2a–f, female; Brignoli, 1971a: 119, 120, figs 78, 79, syn. nov.

Tegenaria marinae Brignoli, 1971a: 120 View in CoL , 121, figs 80, 81, female; Brignoli, 1977a: 50, figs 29, 30, syn. nov.

Tegenaria baronii Brignoli, 1977a: 47–50 View in CoL , figs 25, 26, female, syn. nov.

Malthonica pagana: Guseinov et al., 2005: 164 .

Types

Syntypes. Greece: ‘aus der Gegend von Nauplia’, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ ( NHML, BM 1917.1.4.98), unknown .

Sub Tegenaria pagana urbana: Probable syntypes. France: Gallia, 9 ♂, 16 ♀ ( MNHN, 1982) .

Sub Tegenaria castro : Paratypes. USA: California: Los Angeles , 1 ♂, 1 ♀ ( AMNH), 3.v.1936 , Grant; Friant , 1 ♀ ( AMNH), 1.iii.1913 .

Sub Tegenaria cerrutii : Holotype. Italy: Sicily: Palermo, Mt. Pelegrino , Grotta Addaure (Adura?), ♀ ( SMF, 13374), Cerruti.

Sub Tegenaria marinae : Holotype. Italy: Lazio: Latina, Grotta Valmarino , ♀ ( MCSN, 543), 31.iii.1970, Sbordoni.

Sub Tegenaria baronii : Holotype. Italy: Marche: Fabriano, Grotta Frasassi , ♀ ( MCSN, 102), ix.1964, Baroni.

Other material examined

Croatia (2 ♀) ; France (2 ♂, 9 ♀) ; Greece (1 ♂, 7 ♀) ; Italy (9 ♂, 49 ♀) ; Malta (3 ♀) ; Portugal (1 ♂, 10 ♀) ; Spain (5 ♂, 19 ♀) ; Switzerland (1 ♀) . Africa: Algeria (4 ♂, 17 ♀) ; Cape Verde (1 ♂, 1 ♀) ; Egypt (3 ♂, 16 ♀) ; Libya (1 ♀) ; Morocco (2 ♂, 3 ♀) ; Tunisia (2 ♂, 2 ♀) . Asia: Syria (1 ♂, 4 ♀) . South America : Chile (6 ♂, 6 ♀) . North America : USA (1 ♂, 1 ♀) .

Description

Several descriptions under different names, some including measurements, were provided by Roth (1952), Brignoli (1971a, 1977a), and Levy (1996). Additional information is provided here.

Measurements: Female (N = 1): CL 3.41, CW 2.66, STL 1.76, STW 1.59. Leg I (3.97, 1.38, 3.63, 3.72, 2.17), II (3.48, 1.29, 2.85, 3.29, 1.62), III (3.17, 1.10, 2.38, 3.12, 1.42), IV (4.09, 1.29, 3.64, 4.44, 1.68).

Pedipalp (1.48, 0.62, 0.88, 1.36). EPL 0.22, EPW 0.54, ATL 0.14, ATW 0.39. Eyes: PME 0.17, PLE 0.18, AME 0.14, ALE 0.19. Eye distances: PME–PME 0.5–1 x PME, PME–AME 1 x PME, PME–PLE 0.5–1 x PME, PME–ALE 0.5–1 x PME, AME–AME <0.5 x AME, AME–ALE <0.5 x AME. CLY1 1.5–2 x AME, CLY2 0.5–1 x ALE.

Male palp: RTA with two branches, lateral branch leaf-shaped and distinctly stepped, distally protruding, dorsal branch strongly sclerotized and distally pointed, broad. Filiform embolus shorter than 2 x CB, originating at 8 o’clock position, distal tip at 3 o’clock position. Conductor almost orthogonal to cymbium with distal portion elongated and bent posteriad, lateral margin completely folded. Terminal end bifid, ventral part massive, pointed, dorsal part indistinctly pointed. Connection of conductor to tegulum moderately sclerotized. MA originating at 4–5 o’clock position, strongly protruding, distally with finger-shaped, distally spoon-like, sclerite. MA membranously connected to tegulum. Basal part of tegulum visible with strongly sclerotized band-like structure.

Epigyne and vulva: Epigynal plate strongly sclerotized and oval or kidney-like shaped, protruding. Posterior sclerite absent. Laterally with crescent-shaped pockets. CO are situated in these pockets, inside each of which an additional orthogonal pocket originates. Epigynal teeth absent (indistinct denticles present in the holotypes of Teg. marinae and Teg. baronii ). Vulva consists of CBD, no distinct RC recognizable. First half (CD) of CBD convoluted around second half, both parts strongly sclerotized. FD only represented by small, leaf-shaped appendages.

Other important characters: Cheliceral promargin with four, retromargin with four to seven teeth. Colulus developed as trapezoidal plate with the distal margin medially notched. Same pattern of distal spigots on PMS (in females) as described for the type species. PLS with distal segment as long as basal segment. Tarsal trichobothria on cymbium and palp tarsus absent. Tarsal trichobothria six to nine. Small teeth on paired claws of leg I nine to 11. Leg spination: male palp (2–0–0–0 or 3–0–0–0, 2–0–0, 1–2–0– 0), female palp (3–0–0–0, 2–0–0, 2–2–0–0), leg femora (2–2–2–0 or 2–3–1–0 or 2–3–2–0 or 2–4–3–0 or 2–5– 3–0 or 2–5–4–0, 2–2–1–0 or 2–2–2–0 or 2–3–2–0 or 2–3–3–0 or 2–4–2–0, 1–1–1–0 or 1–1–2–0 or 2–1–1–0 or 2–2–2–0 or 2–3–2–0, 1–1–1–0 or 2–1–1–0), patellae (all 2–0–0), tibiae [0–2–0–2p or 0–2–0–2p+1 or 0–2– 1–2p or 0–2–1–3p or 0–2–2–3p or 0–2–1–2p+1 (indistinct dorsal spines possible), 0–2–0–1p or 0–2–1– 1+1p+1 or 0–2–2–1+1p+1 or 0–2–2–1+2p or 0–2–2– 1p+1 or 0–2–2–3p (indistinct dorsal spines possible), 2–2–1–1 or 2–2–2–1+1p or 2–2–2–2+1p or 2–2–2–3 or 2–2–2–3p, 2–2–2–2 or 2–2–2–2+1p or 2–2–2–1+2p], metatarsi (0–0–0–3p+1, 0–1–0–3p+1 or 0–1–1–3p+1 or 0–2–1–3p+1, 0–3–2–3p+1 or 0–3–3–3p+1, 0–3–3– 3p+1), tarsi (all 0).

Coloration: Carapace margin narrow, continuous, indistinctly darkened; dorsally with two indistinct symmetrical longitudinal bands, head region darkened. Sternum with distinct pale median band and three symmetrical pairs of pale dots laterally, the last pair strongly fused with the median band. Opisthosoma brown-yellowish, anteriorly with pale median band, continuing in broad chevrons posteriad, laterally with dark band or moderately mottled. Legs moderately annulated (in the type specimens of Teg. baronii and Teg. marinae not visible, may be a result of alcohol preservation). ALS indistinctly darkened or pale, PLS with basal segment darkened, distal segment pale.

Distribution

Reported from southern and Central Europe, Mediterranean region, and introduced into North and South America.

Discussion

As in other Tegenaria species , Teg. pagana shows great variation in somatic and genital characters (e.g. Fig. 23P–W View Figure 23 ), which is reflected in the long list of synonyms. This phenomenon was well illustrated by Levy (1996: 97, 98, figs 45–48). He mentioned that the Tegenaria pagana -complex of Brignoli (1971a, 1977a) may represent this variation. The small posterior denticles on the epigyne of Teg. marinae are also found in some specimens of otherwise characteristic Teg. pagana and may reflect this variation. Here, we follow Levy and regard Teg. cerrutii Brignoli, 1971 , Teg. marinae Brignoli, 1971 , and Teg. baronii Brignoli, 1977 , as junior synonyms of Teg. pagana C. L. Koch, 1940 .

NHML

Natural History Museum, Tripoli

BM

Bristol Museum

MNHN

Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle

AMNH

American Museum of Natural History

SMF

Forschungsinstitut und Natur-Museum Senckenberg

MCSN

Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Verona

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Arthropoda

Class

Arachnida

Order

Araneae

Family

Agelenidae

Genus

Tegenaria

Loc

Tegenaria pagana

Bolzern, Angelo, Burckhardt, Daniel & Hänggi, Ambros 2013
2013
Loc

Malthonica pagana:

Guseinov EF & Marusik YM & Koponen S 2005: 164
2005
Loc

Tegenaria baronii

Brignoli PM 1977: 50
1977
Loc

Tegenaria marinae

Brignoli PM 1977: 50
Brignoli PM 1971: 120
1971
Loc

Tegenaria cerrutii

Brignoli PM 1971: 119
Roewer CF 1960: 93
1960
Loc

Philoicides pallidus de Mello-Leitão, 1944: 335

Roth VD 1967: 314
Mello-Leitao CF 1944: 335
1944
Loc

Tegenaria castro

Chamberlin RV & Ivie W 1942: 21
1942
Loc

Tegenaria pagana urbana:

Simon E 1937: 1010
1937
Loc

Tegenaria antrias

Roth VD 1956: 176
Roth VD 1952: 284
Crosby CR 1936: 2
1936
Loc

Tegenaria simplex

Bryant EB 1936: 90
1936
Loc

Tegenaria pagana proxima:

Strand E 1909: 585
1909
Loc

Tegenaria pagana cavernicola

Simon E 1907: 547
1907
Loc

Tegenaria obscura

Roth VD 1956: 176
Banks N 1898: 230
1898
Loc

Tegenaria bidentata

Keyserling E 1878: 599
1878
Loc

Tegenaria modesta

Keyserling E 1878: 597
1878
Loc

Tegenaria variata

Thorell T 1875: 74
1875
Loc

Tegenaria urbana

Simon E 1875: 69
1875
Loc

Tegenaria proxima

Pickard-Cambridge O 1873: 217
1873
Loc

Tegenaria subtilis

Thorell T 1875: 77
Simon E 1873: 170
Simon E 1870: 277
1870
Loc

Tegenaria testacea

Simon E 1870: 280
1870
Loc

Tegenaria pagana C. L. Koch, 1841: 31

Koch CL 1841: 31
1841
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