Ipomoea acanthocarpa (Choisy) Aschers. & Schweinf.

Wood, John R. I., Munoz-Rodriguez, Pablo, Williams, Bethany R. M. & Scotland, Robert W., 2020, A foundation monograph of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the New World, PhytoKeys 143, pp. 1-823 : 1

382. Ipomoea acanthocarpa (Choisy) Aschers. & Schweinf. , Beitr. Fl. Aethiop. 277. 1867. (Ascherson and Schweinfurth 1867: 277)

Calonyction acanthocarpum Choisy in A.P. de Candolle , Prodr. 9: 346. 1845. (Choisy 1845: 346). Type. SUDAN. Kordofan, T. Kotschy 269 (isotype K000097122).

Ipomoea piurensis O'Donell , Lilloa 26: 382. 1953. ( O’Donell 1953a: 382). Type. PERU. O. Haught 142 (holotype US00111444).

Ipomoea piurensis forma rosea O'Donell , Lilloa 26: 383. 1953. ( O’Donell 1953a: 383). Type. BRAZIL. Pará, Rio Itacaiuna, Froes & Black s.n. (holotype LIL001283).

Type.

Based on Calonyction acanthocarpum Choisy

Description.

Glabrous twining herb. Leaves petiolate, 2-11 × 1.5-8 cm, ovate-deltoid, shortly and often abruptly acuminate or acute, cordate, auricles rounded to acute, often with a distinct tooth and sometimes shallowly bilobed, abaxially with prominent venation; petioles 1-8 cm. Inflorescence of few-flowered, somewhat congested, pedunculate cymes; peduncles 1-6 cm, often stout and somewhat swollen upwards, sometimes warty; bracteoles 2-3 mm, scale-like, caducous; pedicels 2-5 mm, sometimes warty; sepals slightly unequal, 5-10 × 3.5-7 mm, the margins white, outer ovate, acute to mucronate, usually conspicuously warty but otherwise glabrous, inner obtuse and mucronate, smooth, slightly larger; corolla 2-3 cm long, funnel-shaped, pink or white, glabrous, limb c. 2.5 cm diam., the midpetaline bands terminating in mucros. Capsules 9-10 mm, subglobose, rostrate with prominent persistent style, glabrous; seeds 5.5 mm long, grey, long-pilose.

Illustration.

Austin (1998: 402) as Ipomoea piurensis ; Figures 11H , 167D , 185 .

Distribution.

In South America this species extends in an arc from Bolivia through Peru to southern Colombia and then eastwards to Guyana and north east Brazil where it is especially common. There is an isolated record from Costa Rica. In Africa it is widely distributed across the Sahel region from Senegal and Sierra Leone east to Sudan and Ethiopia. In India it has recently been discovered in Gujerat (Kattee et al. 2019), confirming its essentially Sahara-Sindian distribution in the Old World.

BRAZIL. Bahia: Feira de Santana, L.P. de Queiroz 1721 (HUEFS, RB); Aona & Costa 3247 (HUEFS). Ceará: Caucaia, E.B. Souza 257 (EAC). Paraíba: J. Falçao et al. 1116 (RB); R. Simão-Bianchini 1752 (ASE). Pernambuco: Afrânio-Aboclo, E.P. Heringer 216 (RB); Petrolina, C.T.V. Diaz 172 (RB); Tapera, B.J. Pickel 3649 (NY); Archipeligo de Fernando do Noronho. M. Miranda et al. 946 (PEUFR), 1019 (PEUFR). Rio Grande do Norte: Serra Negra do Norte, R.T. Queiroz 267, 406 (UFRN). Sergipe: Canindé de São Francisco, R. A. Silva et al. 261 (PEUFR, RB). Tocantins: Porto Nacional, E.R. Santos 2 (HUEFS). Maranhão fide Flora do Brasil (2020).

FRENCH GUIANA. Mana, G. Léotard 1319 (CAY).

GUYANA. Rupununi, Charwair Creek, A.C. Smith 2313 (MO, S); ibid., Makawau Creek, T. Henkel et al. 3373 (K, US)..

BOLIVIA. Beni: Cercado, Ibiato, M.T. Martinez & M. Adler 9 (K, LPB, USZ). Pando: E. de la Sota 977 (LIL).

PERU. Lambayeque: Garraspiña, C. Abad & J. Laos s.n. (USM); between Jayanca and Motupe, R. Ferreyra 9054 (USM). Piura: L’Emperaire 5282 (P).

ECUADOR. Guayas: E. Asplund 16682 (K, NY, S, US); Isla Puná, J.E. Madsen 63158 (QCA, QCNE). Loja: San Pedro de Vilcabamba, A. Balcazar 182 (LOJA). Manibí: Puerto López, P.N. Machalilla, C.E. Cerón 18749 (ARIZ, MO).

COLOMBIA. Nariño: Pasto, H. Martínez 29 (COL).

VENEZUELA. Amazonas: fide Austin (1982b). Anzoátegui: Sucre, A. Castillo & A de Franca 2641 (MO); Bolívar: Cerro Borja, J.J. Wurdack & J.V. Monachino 39830 (MO, NY). Guárico: Est. Biol. de Los Llanos, R.A. Montes 1362 (MO).

COSTA RICA. Guanacaste, Bagaces, U. Chavarría 1344 (BM), ibid., 1349 (MO, BM).

Notes.

Molecular studies ( Muñoz-Rodríguez et al. 2019) indicate that Ipomoea acanthocarpa is of American origin and has colonised Africa by long-distance dispersal. The name " acanthocarpa " presumably refers to the spine-like rostrate apex of the capsule.

This species is sometimes confused with Ipomoea dumetorum because of the lateral tooth which is often present near the base of the leaf and because of the white-margined sepals which are characteristic of both species. However, I. acanthocarpa is a lowland species, its sepals lack the dark spots of I. dumetorum and the inflorescence is rather compact with very short pedicels. The seeds are long pilose, not minutely tomentellous.

Figures

Figure 11. Seeds of Ipomoea A I. peteri B I. murucoides C I. carolina D I. eggersiana E I. longibarbis (with and without marginal hairs) F I. clavata G I. violacea H I. acanthocarpa J I. parvibracteolata K I. meyeri L I. jujuyensis M I. cholulensis N I. minutiflora P I. tiliacea. A from Wallnoefer & Tut-Tesucun 9662; B from Pringle 6066; C from Gillis 12906; D from Urote 35; E from Killeen et al. 4199; F from Fuentes & Miranda 10895; G from Stearn 322; H from Wurdack & Monachino 39830; J from Silva et al. 18; K from Smith 1573; L from Rose et al. 23251; M from Hinton 11166; N from Stevens & Montiel 26592; P from Curtiss 249. Drawn by Rosemary Wise.

Figure 167. Photographs of Ipomoea species. A I. philomega B I. cairica C I. pandurata D I. acanthocarpa E I. aquatica. A http: // faunaandfloraofvietnam. blogspot. com B John Wood C Steve Turner D Maira Martinez E Wikipedia Commons.

Figure 185. Ipomoea acanthocarpa. A habit B habit C outer sepal D inner sepal E corolla opened out to show stamens F habit with capsules G habit with capsules H seeds. Drawn by Rosemary Wise A from Montes 1362; B from Ceron 18749; C-E from Wash 143; F from Smith 2313; G, H from Wurdack & Monachino 39830.