Epiphragma Osten Sacken, 1860

Podenas, Sigitas, Podeniene, Virginija, Park, Sun-Jae, Seo, Hong-Yul, Kim, Tae-Woo, Kim, A-Young & Aukštikalnienė, Hye-Woo Byun and Rasa, 2019, Epiphragma crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) of Korea, Journal of Species Research 8 (4), pp. 407-420 : 409-410

Epiphragma Osten Sacken, 1860

Limnophila (Epiphragma) Osten Sacken, 1860: 238 . Epiphragma Edwards, 1938: 63 , 66; Alexander, 1948:

168; Ishida, 1959: 2; Savchenko, Krivolutskaya, 1976:

53; Savchenko, 1983: 47; 1986: 222; 1989: 73-74. Type species Limnophila pavonina Osten Sacken, 1860

(designation: Coquillett, 1910) (= fasciapenne ( Say, 1823)).

Adult.

General: Medium-sized crane flies with body length between 7.0 and 14.0 mm. Body coloration varies from yellowish-brown to brown sparsely dusted with gray.

Head: Vertex with small tubercle. Eyes dorsally widely separated in both sexes. Antenna simple, 16-segmented, nearly reaching base of wing in male, if bent backwards, slightly shorter in female, flagellomeres rounded, oval or elongate, verticils long. Two basal flagellomeres cone-shaped. Flagellum distinctly colored, orange in most Hol- arctic and Oriental species, but could be distinctly brown, together with pedicel, in Neotropic species, for example, E. varium ( Wiedemann, 1828) . Rostrum and mouth parts short. Palpus four-segmented.

Thorax: Tubercular pits missing, pseudosutural foveae small. Mesonotal prescutum usually with three longitudinal stripes. Katepisternum naked. Meron small, thus second and third pairs of legs close to each other. Wing wide and elongate with distinct dark-brown ocellate pattern. Spots uniformly colored or with darker margins. Arculus missing. Costal cell with one or more additional cross-veins. Radial sector long, angulate and short-spurred at base. Cell r 3 long, R 2 + 3 + 4 short, cell m 1 present, discal cell closed and elongate. Basal deflection of CuA 1 distinctly beyond base of discal cell, usually at about one-third or middle length of it. Anal angle widely rounded. Fore tibia with single spur, middle and posterior tibiae with two spurs each. Claw with subbasal spine.

Abdomen: Tergites caudally with transverse invagi- nations. Male genitalia slightly enlarged. Ninth tergite transverse with small tubercle at middle of posterior margin. Gonocoxite elongate without additional lobes. Two pairs of terminal gonostyles. Outer gonostylus narrow with sclerotised apex. Inner gonostylus fleshy. Interbase species-specific, sometimes complicated, sometimes extended into long rod. Penis simple long and straight. Ovipositor with long arched and sclerotised cercus and long hypovalva.

Larva.

General: Body white.

Head: Head capsule egg shaped, depressed dorsoventrally and slightly reduced, dorsal suture absent, coronal suture reaching one-third of head length, internolateralia fused with frons. Caudal end of frons dentate. Clypeus stripe shaped, slightly sclerotised and separated from frons and labrum by fissures. Labrum consist of two triangular lobes and bump-shaped structure between them. Antenna short, reaching apical part of clypeus. Mandible cone-shaped, with single large apical tooth and few small- er teeth on ventral and dorsal sides. Maxilla well developed and consists of more prominent outer lobe (palpiger) and smaller inner lobe (lacinia + galea). Hypostoma heavily sclerotised and bears three blunt teeth. Labium consists of two small cone-shaped lobes. Basal part of hypopharynx consists of two arcuate curved lateral rods, upper part membranous.

Abdomen: with dorsal and ventral creeping welts on II- VII segments. Spiracular field surrounded by five (in some species four) spiracular lobes. Spiracular field without sclerites.

Pupa.

General: Head, thorax, wings, and tergites of second and third abdominal segments brown.

Head: Cephalic crest absent, but head bears 2 spines directed forward and downward. Antennal sheaths short, only slightly extending beyond base of wing.

Thorax: Respiratory horns arcuate curved and slightly widened basally. Apices of leg sheaths end nearly at same level.

Abdomen: White. Abdominal segments with transverse row of sclerotised pointed spines situated dorsally. Terminal end of male rounded, with several small tubercles. Terminal end of female elongated. Sheaths of cerci much longer than valves, directed upward.

143 extant species belong to genus Epiphragma . It has worldwide distribution except Afrotropics with the highest diversity in Neotropics (64 species) and Oriental Region (49 species). East Palearctic is represented by 10 species and only one species occurs in Westpalearctic ( Oosterbroek, 2019). Four subgenera belong to the genus Epiphragma , but two of them Lipophragma Alexander, 1978 and Parepiphragma Alexander, 1960 are monotyp- ic. Eupolyphragma Alexander, 1948 is represented by 25 species and the largest is nominative subgenus with 115 species. Discrimination of subgenera are based on peculiarities of adult wing venation, but these characters aren’t consistent through all species. Nominative subgenus Epiphragma s. str. has one supernumerary cross-vein in cell c ( Fig. 1A ), Eupolyphragma has few cross-veins in cell c and supernumerary cross-vein in cell cu ( Fig. 1B ), Lipophragma has no supernumerary cross-veins ( Fig. 1C ), and Parepiphragma has one supernumerary cross-vein in cell c and supernumerary cross-vein in cell m ( Fig. 1D ). Premature stages are known only for nominative subgenus. Two fossil species are included in genus Epiphragma , one of them from Eocene/Oligocene coal deposits in England, another from Miocene Dominican amber ( Evenhuis, 2014).

Figures

Fig. 1. Wings of Epiphragma sp. showing diagnostic characters of subgenera. A. E. (Epiphragma) adoxum Alexander, 1953, holotype. B. E.(Eupolyphragma) angusticrenulum Alexander, 1931, holotype. C. E. (Lipophragma) garrigoui (Alexander, 1948), holotype. D. E. (Parepiphragma) perideles Alexander, 1960, paratype.