Meloidogyne graminis

Zeng, Yongsan, Ye, Weimin, Tredway, Lane, Martin, Samuel & Martin, Matt, 2012, Taxonomy and morphology of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with turfgrasses in North and South Carolina, USA, Zootaxa 3452, pp. 1-46 : 10-13

Meloidogyne graminis

( Fig. 3 A–D)

Measurements. See Table 5 .

Remarks. Meloidogyne graminis was described from grass in Florida by Sledge (1962) and has been reported from the southeastern, midwestern, and mid-Atlantic USA ( Sledge 1962; Bell & Krusburg 1964; Sledge & Golden 1964; Dickerson 1966; Southard 1967; Williams & Laughlin 1968; Grisham et al. 1974). It has also been recorded from Germany ( Sturhan 1976b), China ( Zhuo et al. 2011), India ( Kaul & Chhabra 1988) and Libya ( Fourgani & Edongali 1989). It feeds and reproduces on some turfgrasses, including bermudagrass ( Burton & Hanna 1977; Murray et al. 1986), zoysiagrass ( Grisham et al. 1974; Murray et al. 1986), tall fescue ( Elmi et al. 1990), Paspulum notatum , Stenotaphrum secundatum , Oryza sativa , Digitaria sanguinalis and Ammophila arenaria ( Jepson 1987) . It is considered the most widespread and potentially destructive turfgrass nematode ( Murray et al. 1986). In the present study, the second-stage juveniles (J2) of M. graminis were found in 104 turfgrass samples collected in 30 counties in three turf management zones (green, fairway and tee) and two grass species (bermudagrass and zoysiagrass) in both states. No adult female was detected. The morphology and morphometricsof J2s did not differ from those described by Karssen & Hoenselaar (1998). However, the morphometrics for several characters (a, c’, stylet, tail length, and hyaline tail part) of J2s showed a smaller range than the originally described population. The 18S rDNA sequences from isolates 11-30688 (1968 bp sequenced) and 11-30365 (1987 bp sequenced) had 99% identity with an isolate from a golf course in Pinal County, Arizona ( JN241837 , 609 bp sequenced) (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/ JN241837 ). This is the first record of M. graminis from turfgrasses in NC and SC.

in μm and in the format: mean ± S.D. (range).

Measurements. See Table 5 .

Remarks. Meloidogyne naasi was described from spring-sown barley ( Hordeum vulgare ) in Gloucestershire, England by Franklin (1965) and has been reported from Kansas ( Michell 1972; Ediz & Dickerson 1976), Illinois ( Michell et al. 1973), the southern USA ( Crow 2005b), Canada ( Bélair et al. 2006), Argentina ( Echeverría & Chaves 1998; Chaves & Torres 2000), Chile ( Kilpatrick et al. 1976), United Kingdom and Ireland ( Franklin 1965, 1973; Cook et al. 1992; Karnkowski 2005), Poland ( Kornobis 2001), Belgium ( Vandenbossche et al. 2011), Hungary ( Amin & Budai 1992; Amin 1994), the Netherlands ( Maas & Maenhout 1978), Germany ( Sturhan 1973; Thomas 1981), Italy and Malta ( Inserra et al. 1975, 1978; Lamberti & Dandria 1979;), France ( Person-Dedryver et al. 1987), Yugoslavia ( Grujicic 1969), the SR Serbia ( Jovicic & Grujicic 1986), Libya ( Siddiqui & Khan 1986) and New Zealand ( Sheridan & Grbavac 1979). It was pathogenic to creeping bentgrass in greenhouse experiments at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign ( Sikora et al. 1972). In this study, M. naasi was found in nine counties in NC and SC. It occurred in three turf management zones (green, fairway and tee) in both states, two grass species (bermudagrass and bentgrass) in SC and three (bermudagrass, bentgrass and zoysiagrass) in NC. No adult female was detected. The morphological characteristics of the J2 did not differ from those described by Franklin (1965). The 18S rDNA sequence 11-30383 also confirmed this species with 99% identity (2015 bases sequenced, compared with AY593901 ) (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/ AY593901 ). This is the first record of M. naasi from turfgrasses in NC and SC.

Figures

FIGURE 3. Micrographs of J 2 of Meloidogyne graminis, M. naasi, Heterodera sp. and Cactodera sp. from turfgrasses in NC and SC. Scale bars: A, E, I, L = 50 µm; B – D, F – H, J, K, M – O = 20 µm. A. Entire body of M. graminis. B. Pharyngeal region of M. graminis. C, D. Tail of M. graminis. E. Entire body of M. naasi. F. Pharyngeal region of M. naasi. G, H. Tails of M. naasi. I. Entire body of H. sp. J. Pharyngeal region of H. sp. K. Tail of H. sp. L. Entire body of C. sp. M. Pharyngeal region of C. sp. N, O. Tails of C. sp.