Dicranophragma (Dicranophragma) Osten Sacken, 1860

Podenas, Sigitas, Park, Sun-Jae, Byun, Hye-Woo, Kim, A-Young, Klein, Terry A. & Aukštikalnienė, Heung-Chul Kim and Rasa, 2020, New data on Limoniinae and Limnophilinae crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) of Korea, Journal of Species Research 9 (4), pp. 492-531 : 511-512

Dicranophragma (Dicranophragma) Osten Sacken, 1860

Limnophila (Dicranophragma) Osten Sacken, 1860: 240 ; Ishida, 1959: 3; Alexander, 1943: 378, 381-382; 1965a: 65; Savchenko, Krivolutskaya, 1976: 63; Savchenko, 1989: 90.

Dicranophragma (Dicranophragma) Kato, Tachi, 2018: 29 .

Type species: Limnophila fuscovaria Osten Sacken, 1860 ( North America ) .

Adult.

Small crane flies with body length 4.5-7.5 mm and wing length 5.4-7.5 mm. Body coloration brown to dark brown.

Head: Vertex without tubercle. Head rounded posteriorly.

Thorax: Mesonotal prescutum with small but distinct tubercular pits and pseudosutural fovea. Wing setoseless, wider in male with posterior margin widened at distal part of anal vein, patterned with abundant dark spots and cloudy areas, stigma distinct, dark brown. Vein Sc long, reaching beyond branching point of Rs, cell r 3 with additional cross-vein, discal and m 1 cells present, cell m 1 deep, anal vein strongly arched at wing margin, anal cell long and narrow, especially in male.

Abdomen: Abdominal tergites with paired transverse sutures. Male terminalia: ninth tergite wider than longer, gonocoxite elongate, nearly cylindrical, without ventro-mesal lobe. Two pairs of gonostyli. Outer gonostylus long and narrow, sclerotized, bifid at apex. Inner gonostylus elongate, fleshy and setose. Parameres fused and making plate below the aedeagus. Aedeagus simple, elongate tube.

Subgenus includes 35 extant species worldwide ( Oosterbroek, 2020), no fossil species ( Evenhuis, 2014). The highest diversity observed in Oriental Region (24 species) and East Palearctic (7 species), only few representatives are known from the Afrotropical and Nearctic Regions.

Larva and pupa described for North American species only.

Larva generally as described for the genus, except entirely reduced frons and missing creeping welts. Pupa generally as described for the genus.

The early stages are spent in rich organic mud (Alexan- der, 1920b).