Trogon chrysochloros, PELZELN, 1856

Dickens, Jeremy Kenneth, Bitton, Pierre-Paul, Bravo, Gustavo A. & Silveira, Luís Fábio, 2021, Species limits, patterns of secondary contact and a new species in the Trogon rufus complex (Aves: Trogonidae), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 (2), pp. 499-540 : 24-26

TROGON CHRYSOCHLOROS PELZELN, 1856

Proposed English name: Southern black-throated trogon.

Trogon chrysochloros Pelzeln J., 1856 , Sitz. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XX, Heft 2, pp. 496–498, 505–506, Ypanema (= Ipanema), São Paulo, Brazil. – Pothinus atricollis Cabanis & Heine, 1862 –1863, Mus. Hein., part IV, pp. 180–181. – Trogon chrysochloros Pelzeln J, 1868 , Zur Orn. Bras., pp. 226–331 (reiteration of species description with additional specimens from Nas Lagos, São Paulo). – Trogon atricollis chrysochloros Berlepsch & Ihering, 1885 , Zeitschr. ges. Ornithol., 2, p. 160, Taquara (Rio Grande do Sul). – Trogon atricollis (Race A) Grant, 1892 , Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 17, pp. 455–458, Nova Friburgo (Rio de Janeiro), Ipanema (São Paulo) and Rio Grande do Sul. – Trogon atricollis Ihering, 1898 , Rev. Mus. Paul. III, p. 294, São Sebastão and Iquape (São Paulo). – Trogon splendidus Bertoni 1901 . Av. Nuev. Paraguay, 1901, p. 35, Alto Paraná, Paraguay. – Trogon atricollis chrysochloros Hellmayr, 1906 , Novit. Zool., 13, p. 380. – Trogon atricollis Ihering & Ihering, 1907 , Part. Catal. Fauna Brasil., I, Aves , p. 158, from Rio Grande do Sul to Central America, including specimens from Espirito Santo (Rio Doce). – Trogonurus curucui curucui Ridgway, 1911 , Bull. Un. St. Nat. Mus. 50 (5), p. 764. – Trogon rufus Snethlage, 1914 , Part. Bol. Mus. Goeldi. 8, p. 208. – Trogonurus curucui curucui Cory, 1919 , Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool. Ser., 13, p. 325. – Trogon curucui curucui Sztolcman, 1926 , Annal. Zool. Mus. Polon. Hist. Natur., 5, p. 133, Vermelho and Terezina (Paraná). – Trogonurus rufus chrysochloros Stone, 1928 , Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 80, p. 158. – Trogon curucui curucui Pinto, 1932 , Rev. Mus. Paul. 17, p. 50, Valparaiso (western São Paulo). – Trogon curucui curucui Pinto, 1935 , Rev. Mus. Paul. 19, p. 144, Rio Jucurucú (S Bahia). – Trogon curucui chrysochloros Pinto, 1935 . Rev. Mus. Paul. 19, p. 144, São Paulo. – Trogonurus rufus rufus Pinto, 1938 , Rev. Mus. Paul. 22, p. 289. – Trogon curucui chrysochloros Griscom & Greenway, 1941 , Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 88, pp. 180–181. – Trogon rufus chrysochloros Todd, 1943 , Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 56, p. 11. – Trogon rufus chrysochloros Peters, 1945 , Check-list of Birds of the World, Vol 5, p. 157, Southern Brazil from Bahia to São Paulo and east to Mato Grosso; Paraguay and Misiones ( Argentina). – Trogonurus rufus rufus Camargo, 1946 , Papéis Avulsos do Dept. de Zool. 7 (5), pp. 147, 157, Boracéia (S. Paulo). – Trogon rufus chrysochloros Zimmer, 1948 , American Museum Novitates (1380), pp. 26–31. – Trogon rufus chrysochloros Pinto, 1950 , Papeíes Avilsos de Zoologia, 9(9), pp. 89–136. – Trogon rufus chrysochloros Pinto 1978 . Novo Catal. das Aves do Brasil, 1a Parte, p. 218, Paraguay, Misiones ( Argentina) and Brazil from S Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul, including Minas Gerais.

Diagnosis: Both sexes are markedly larger with a relatively smaller and more highly serrated bill than all other taxa. The blue, blue-grey, grey or white eye-ring is diagnostic against T. sulphureus , T. r. amazonicus and T. cupreicauda . Males: The undertail and wing panel barring are diagnostic against all other taxa due to their distinctly high density and narrow white bars, whilst the undertail barring also has a higher percentage area black. Compared to T. r. rufus and T. r. amazonicus , the undertail black bars are also slightly broader overall. The uppertail hue is generally higher than in T. r. rufus but lower than in amazonicus. Compared to T. r. sulphureus , the uppertail is less coppery, whilst the black bar widths on the wing panel and, to a lesser extent, undertail are narrower. Possession of a breast band also distinguishes T. chrysochloros from T. r. sulphureus and T. r. amazonicus . Against T. tenelllus , the undertail barring has narrower black bars, whilst the wing panel barring has broader black bars and a higher percentage area black. Compared to T. cupreicauda , the uppertail is generally less coppery, undertail and wing panel black bars generally narrower and wing panel percentage area black greater. In mountainous and southern regions the chest is also usually less bright than other taxa and generally bluer than T. tenellus , T. cupreicauda and T. r. amazonicus . Females: Wing coverts more densely barred than all other taxa. However, this is only generally the case against T. r. rufus , from which they differ further by generally possessing narrower black bars on the wing panel, denser undertail barring, a yellower and lighter head, yellower and less saturated mantle, and yellower and duller chest. The uppertail is also more saturated compared to northern individuals of T. r. rufus . Compared to T. r. sulphureus , they have narrower black bars, often a yellower and brighter head, yellower but less saturated mantle, and generally more saturated and lighter chest, which is also slightly more often yellower. Against T. r. amazonicus , they have a greater percentage area black and narrower black bars on the wing panel, less saturated and more frequently yellower-brown and lighter head, more frequently less saturated and yellower mantle, and duller chest. Compared to T. r. tenellus , the undertail and wing panel barring have a greater percentage area black and broader black bars, the head is usually less saturated, and chest usually yellower and less saturated. Against T. r. cupreicauda , they lack the extensive brown undertail wash, possess a greater percentage area black on the undertail barring, and usually has a brighter, more yellow head, yellower mantle, and yellower, often more saturated and slightly brighter chest.

Song: More notes per phrase, faster pace, shorter note durations and pause following introductory note, as well as higher note frequencies and wider introductory note bandwidth than T. rufus subspecies. The greater number of notes per phrase, faster pace and shorter durations are also diagnostic against T. tenellus . Compared to T. cupreicauda , the pace is faster, the pause duration shorter and frequencies usually higher.

Habitat and distribution: Primary and secondary Atlantic Forest from Bahia state (south of the Rio São Francisco) to Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil, Misiones province (and likely also north-eastern Corrientes), Argentina, and eastern Paraguay. Up to an elevation of 1600 m.

Type material: Syntypes: NMW 40731 (adult male) and NMW 54701 (subadult female), collected by Natterer at Ypanema (now Fazenda Ipanema), Iperó, São Paulo, Brazil.

Description: Both sexes distinctly larger than all other taxa, with highly serrated bill. Although the bill is also generally narrower than all other taxa, besides males of T. r. amazonicus , it appears smaller relative to the larger body. Males: The uppertail is mostly shiny olive-green but varies between plain green to slightly coppery-green. Head and mantle coppery-green. Rump usually plain-green. Upperchest distinctly less brilliant than in other taxa. However, the hue of the iridescent plumage decreases overall with increasing elevation (Supporting Information, Fig. S2 ), varying from more coppery heads and mantles and goldengreen rumps and chests at lower elevations (c. <550 m above sea level) to plainer-green heads and mantles and blue-green rumps and chests in mountainous regions (c.> 550 m above sea levels). This is somewhat also linked to latitude, with northern birds having the warmest coloration and those from mountainous areas in the south, the bluest. Belly yellow. Breast band usually present, often inconspicuous and difficult to detect, sometimes consisting of only a few white flecks, but uncommonly completely absent. Undertail and wing panels with exceptionally dense barring and narrow white bars, relatively narrow black bars and high percentage areas black. Moderately wide terminal tailband. Females: Head is usually poorly saturated, lighter and yellower Dark Brown to Dark Yellowish Brown. Mantle usually poorly saturated, yellowish Dark Olive Brown. Chest usually moderately saturated, lighter to darker Olive Brown to Dark Olive Brown. Belly yellow. Uppertail typically saturated Dark Reddish Brown, occasionally with yellower or redder hues. The brown wash on the undertail is mostly absent and less often restricted to the base of the rectrices or edging the black patch at the base of the rectrices (not visible in natural position). Undertail and wing-panel barring densities high with narrow black and light brown bars. Percentage area black moderate on undertail and generally high on wing panel. Bareparts: In males, eye-rings typically blue with minorities blue-grey or white. Tarsi, usually bluegrey, less often grey or sometimes pink to purplishgrey or olive. In females, eye-rings typically blue-grey, sometimes blue and rarely grey. Tarsi blue-grey, pink to purplish-grey or grey, less often olive.

Song: Distinctive song with a high number of notes per phrase, fast pace, moderate introductory note and relatively short loudsong note durations, short pause after the introductory note, high introductory note frequencies, low loudsong note frequencies, moderately wide introductory note bandwidth and wide loudsong note bandwidths.

Figures

Figure 2. Linear discriminant factors one versus two of morphological characters between (A) adult males and (B) adult females in the Trogon rufus complex. Ellipses indicate 95% confidence intervals.