Salicarus fulvicornis ( Jakovlev, 1889 )

Konstantinov, Fedor V. & Hosseini, Reza, 2024, Review of the genus Salicarus (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Miridae), ZooKeys 1211, pp. 57-100 : 57-100

Salicarus fulvicornis ( Jakovlev, 1889)

Figs 1 G – I , 4 D – F , 6 A – C , 7 C – D , 9 J – L

Agalliastes fulvicornis Jakovlev, 1889: 348.

Chlamydatus fulvicornis : Oshanin (1910): 932 (new comb., catalogue).

Phoenicocoris flagellatus Wagner (1967): 71 (syn. by Kerzhner 1997: 247).

Salicarus fulvicornis : Vinokurov and Kanyukova (1995): 58 (new comb.); Schwartz and Stonedahl (2004): 42, figs. 2, 26 (disc., SEM, MG, host); Lu et al. (2011): 500, fig. 1 (descr., figs); Konstantinov (2023): 874 (phylogenetic placement, figures, discussion).

Material examined.

Lectotype of Agalliastes fulvicornis Jakovlev, 1889 • ♀ Mongolia: Selenge Aimak: Between Khara and Boroiin [Boro], 48.83 ° N, 106.195 ° E, Yakovlev coll. ( AMNH _ PBI 00233377 ) ( ZISP).

Paratypes of Phoenicocoris flagellatus Wagner 1967 : Mongolia • Bayan Olgiy Aimak : Chovd-gol, ~ 15 km E of Ulgij, 49.06666 ° N, 90.2 ° E, 1650 m, 28 Jul 1964 – 29 Jul 1964, Mongolisch - Deutsche Biolog. Exped., 3 ♂ ( AMNH _ PBI 00184011 , AMNH _ PBI 00340326 , AMNH _ PBI 00340327 ) ( ZMUH) .

Other specimens examined: Mongolia • Central Aimak: Nr Songiin [ Songino ], SW of Ulaanbaatar, steppe, 47.81666 ° N, 106.66666 ° E, 18 Jun 1967, I. M. Kerzhner, Caragana bungei ( Fabaceae ), 7 ♂ ( AMNH _ PBI 00233373 - AMNH _ PBI 00233376 ), 8 ♀ ( AMNH _ PBI 00233374 , AMNH _ PBI 00233447 - AMNH _ PBI 00233450 ) ( ZISP) • 18 Jun 1967, Zaytsev, 3 ♂ ( AMNH _ PBI 00233520 , AMNH _ PBI 00233521 ) ( ZISP) • 01 Jul 1967, Zaytsev, 3 ♂ ( AMNH _ PBI 00233363 - AMNH _ PBI 00233365 ), 1 ♀ ( AMNH _ PBI 00233432 ) ( ZISP) • 01 Jul 1967, I. M. Kerzhner, Caragana bungei ( Fabaceae ), 13 ♂ ( AMNH _ PBI 00233352 - AMNH _ PBI 00233362 , AMNH _ PBI 00266431 , AMNH _ PBI 00266433 ), 6 ♀ ( AMNH _ PBI 00233427 - AMNH _ PBI 00233431 , AMNH _ PBI 00266432 ) ( ZISP) • 01 Jul 1967, Emeljanov, 3 ♂ ( AMNH _ PBI 00233366 - AMNH _ PBI 00233368 ), 5 ♀ ( AMNH _ PBI 00233433 - AMNH _ PBI 00233437 ) ( ZISP) • Nothern mountainside of Bogdo Ula, nr Ulan Bator , 47.81667 ° N, 107 ° E, 29 Jun 1967, I. M. Kerzhner, 4 ♂ ( AMNH _ PBI 00233369 - AMNH _ PBI 00233372 ), 9 ♀ ( AMNH _ PBI 00233438 - AMNH _ PBI 00233446 ) ( ZISP) • South Hangay Aimak: Tuin-Gol river, middle Khalkhin-Gol [Khalkha] river, 45.796 ° N, 100.807 ° E, 01 Aug 1926, A. N. Kiritshenko, 7 ♂ ( AMNH _ PBI 00233537 - AMNH _ PBI 00233543 ), 11 ♀ ( AMNH _ PBI 00233456 - AMNH _ PBI 00233466 ) ( ZISP) • Suhbaatar Aimak: 40 km SE of Barun-Urt , 46.426 ° N, 113.644 ° E, 14 Jul 1971, I. M. Kerzhner, 4 ♂ ( AMNH _ PBI 00233534 , AMNH _ PBI 00233535 ), 4 ♀ ( AMNH _ PBI 00233535 , AMNH _ PBI 00233453 ) ( ZISP) • Dzotol-Khan-Ula Mt. , 45.83333 ° N, 114.66667 ° E, 12 Jul 1971, I. M. Kerzhner, 1 ♂ ( AMNH _ PBI 00233536 ), 6 ♀ ( AMNH _ PBI 00233454 , AMNH _ PBI 00233455 ) ( ZISP) • Lun-Ula Mt., 30 km WNW of Ovoot [ Dariganga ], 45.393 ° N, 113.516 ° E, 07 Jul 1971, Emeljanov, 6 ♂ ( AMNH _ PBI 00233523 - AMNH _ PBI 00233526 ), 4 ♀ ( AMNH _ PBI 00233524 , AMNH _ PBI 00233526 , AMNH _ PBI 00233452 ) ( ZISP) • Mt. Dzun-Nert, 20 km NE of Dariganga , 45.47 ° N, 114 ° E, 09 Jul 1971, Emeljanov, 1 ♂ ( AMNH _ PBI 00233522 ), 1 ♀ ( AMNH _ PBI 00233451 ) ( ZISP) • Ongon-Els Sands, 15 km SSE Hongor , 45.664 ° N, 112.819 ° E, 05 Jul 1971 – 06 Jul 1971, I. M. Kerzhner, Caragana sp. ( Fabaceae ), 1 ♂ ( AMNH), Caragana sp. ( Fabaceae ), 19 ♂ ( AMNH _ PBI 00233527 - AMNH _ PBI 00233533 ), 2 ♀ ( AMNH _ PBI 00233528 , AMNH _ PBI 00233529 ) ( ZISP) . Russian Federation • Altai Rep.: Kosh-Agach , 49.98333 ° N, 88.63333 ° E, 08 Jun 1907, N. W. Rodd, 1 ♀ ( AMNH _ PBI 00233471 ) ( ZISP) • 05 Jul 1964, I. M. Kerzhner, 25 ♂ ( AMNH _ PBI 00233318 - AMNH _ PBI 00233342 ), 34 ♀ ( AMNH _ PBI 00233385 - AMNH _ PBI 00233397 , AMNH _ PBI 00233399 - AMNH _ PBI 00233419 ) Caragana spinosa ( Fabaceae ), 2 larvae ( AMNH _ PBI 00233343 , AMNH _ PBI 00233344 ), 1 ♀ ( AMNH _ PBI 00233398 ) ( ZISP) • 10 Jul 1964, I. M. Kerzhner, 2 ♂ ( AMNH _ PBI 00233349 , AMNH _ PBI 00233350 ), 3 ♀ ( AMNH _ PBI 00233423 , AMNH _ PBI 00233424 , AMNH _ PBI 00233426 ) Caragana spinosa ( Fabaceae ), 1 ♂ ( AMNH _ PBI 00233351 ), 1 ♀ ( AMNH _ PBI 00233425 ) ( ZISP) • 22 Jul 1964, I. M. Kerzhner, Caragana bungei ( Fabaceae ), 6 ♂ ( AMNH _ PBI 00233312 - AMNH _ PBI 00233317 ), 7 ♀ ( AMNH _ PBI 00233378 - AMNH _ PBI 00233384 ) ( ZISP) • 31 Jul 1964, I. M. Kerzhner, 4 ♂ ( AMNH _ PBI 00233345 - AMNH _ PBI 00233348 ), 3 ♀ ( AMNH _ PBI 00233420 - AMNH _ PBI 00233422 ) ( ZISP) • Buryatia Rep.: Kyakhta [former Troitskosavsk ], 50.3508 ° N, 106.44939 ° E, 757 m, 27 Jul 1928, F. K. Lukjanovitsh, 4 ♀ ( AMNH _ PBI 00233467 - AMNH _ PBI 00233470 ) ( ZISP) .

Diagnosis.

Recognized by the following combination of characters: Body in male elongate, almost parallel sized, 3.1–3.6 × as long as posterior width of pronotum, total length 3.7–4.0 (Fig. 1 I ), female more stumpy, 2.4–2.5 × as long as posterior width of pronotum, total length 3.1–3.5 (Fig. 1 G, H ); dorsum uniformly dark brown to brown; antenna pale brown to brown, segment I frequently dirty yellow, segment II thin, rod-shaped; entire dorsum except head clothed with a mixture of narrow, apically acuminate silvery scales and dense, long, ~ 1.5 × as long as scales, adpressed simple setae (Fig. 4 D – F ); vesica small, with long, thin, gradually curving and slightly diverging distally apical blades (Fig. 7 C, D ).

Salicarus fulvicornis is a distinctive species that can be easily distinguished from its congeners. Females of this species may be confused with dark specimens of S. concinnus and S. roseri . However, S. fulvicornis is easily differentiated by the presence of flattened scales on the pronotum and scutellum, as well as by the contrastingly long simple vestiture. It further differs from both species by having long and thin apical blades of the vesica that slightly diverge from each other.

Redescription.

Male. Coloration. Uniformly dark brown to brown (Fig. 1 I ). Head: Dark brown; antenna pale brown to brown, segment I frequently dirty yellow; labium dark brown with black segment IV. Thorax: Pronotum, scutellum, thoracic pleurites, and hemelytron uniformly dark brown to brown, membrane pale brown, semitransparent; coxae dark brown, femora brown, sometimes with pale brown apices; tibiae pale brown to dirty yellow, with minute dark brown spots at bases of tibial spines; tarsi dirty yellow, apically darkened. Abdomen: Uniformly dark brown.

Surface and vestiture. Dorsum smooth; pronotum, scutellum, and hemelytron clothed with a mixture of silvery, narrow, apically acuminate scale-like setae and dense, long, ~ 1.5 × as long as scales, adpressed, goldish yellow simple setae, these setae on corium sometimes dark brown (Fig. 6 C ); thoracic pleurites densely clothed exclusively with scale-like setae, while vertex antenna, legs, and abdomen covered with goldish yellow simple setae only; tibial spines black.

Structure. Body elongate, almost parallel-sided, 3.1–3.6 × as long as posterior width of pronotum; total length 3.7–4.0; head vertical, slightly protruding beyond eyes anteriorly and ventrally; vertex flat, posteriorly distinctly attenuate and covering anterior margin of pronotum, 1.9–2.1 × as wide as eye; frons weakly convex; clypeus flat, barely visible in dorsal view; antennal segment II rod-shaped, slightly thinner than segment I, comparatively long, 0.7–0.8 × as long as posterior width of pronotum, 1.0–1.1 × as long as width of head; pronotum with broadly rounded anterior and posterior corners, 2.0–2.4 × as wide as long, 1.5–1.6 × as wide as head.

Genitalia. Right paramere elongate-oval, not expanded proximally beyond basal process, with long, straight, apically blunt apical process (Fig. 9 J ). Right paramere with straight, comparatively short apical process and thin, gradually narrowing, and apically rounded sensory lobe (Fig. 9 K ). Vesica small, with long, thin, gradually curving and slightly diverging distally apical blades (Fig. 7 C, D ).

Female. Coloration, surface and vestiture. As in male (Fig. 1 G, H ). Structure. Similar to male but body shorter, oval, 2.7–3.0 × as long as posterior width of pronotum, total length 3.2–3.5; head with slightly more convex frons and clypeus, and with smaller eyes, vertex 2.1–2.4 × as wide as eye; antennal segment II distinctly thinner than segment I, shorter than in male, 0.5–0.7 × as long as posterior width of pronotum, 0.8–0.9 × as long as width of head; pronotum 2.1–2.3 × as wide as long, 1.3–1.5 × as wide as head.

Genitalia. Dorsal labiate plate with large and broadly oval sclerotized rings.

Distribution.

Known from Mongolia, adjacent steppe regions of Russia (Altai Rep., Buryatia Rep., Zabaykalsky Terr.), and Inner Mongolia in China ( Kulik 1974; Lu et al. 2011).

Hosts.

Feeds on Caragana spp. ( Fabaceae ), including Caragana bungei Ledeb. and Caragana spinosa (L.) Vahl ex Hornem.

Figures

Figure 1. Dorsal habitus A – C ♂ paratype of Salicarus concinnus D – F ♀ paratype of S. concinnus G, H ♀ S. fulvicornis I ♂ S. fulvicornis.

Figure 4. Head, pronotum, and vestiture A – C Salicarus concinnus in dorsal view: A ♂ paratype, head and pronotum B ♀ paratype, head and pronotum C ♀ paratype, vestiture on hemelytron D – F S. fulvicornis in dorsal view: D ♂ head and pronotum E ♀ head and pronotum F ♂ vestiture on hemelytron G – I S. halimodendri in dorsal view: G ♂ paratype H ♀ paratype I ♂ paratype, vestiture on hemelytron J – L S. roseri: J ♂ head and pronotum K ♀ head and pronotum L head and thoracic pleura in lateral view M – O S. urnammu in dorsal view: M ♂ head and pronotum N ♀ head and pronotum O ♀ vestiture on hemelytron.

Figure 6. Scanning electron images of selected structures A – C Salicarus fulvicornis: A pretarsus in lateral view B hind tarsus in lateral view C vestiture on hemelytron D – F S. roseri: D pretarsus in lateral view E head and thoracic pleura in lateral view F metathoracic spiracle and scent gland evaporative area.

Figure 7. Vesica in left and right lateral views (left and right columns, respectively) A, B paratypes of Salicarus concinnus C, D S. fulvicornis E, F paratype of S. halimodendri G, H S. roseri I, J S. urnammu.

Figure 9. Male genitalia A – C Salicarus concinnus, paratype D – F S. genistae G – I S. nitidus J – L S. fulvicornis M – O S. halimodendri, paratype P – R S. roseri S – U S. urnammu A D G J M P S: right paramere B E H K N Q U: left paramere C F I L O R U: apex of phallotheca.