Gymnomuraena zebra ( Shaw 1797 )
publication ID |
https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.4704.1.1 |
publication LSID |
lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0AF043C6-38E4-4546-A7FB-C43BAC5A9837 |
DOI |
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7314702 |
persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A84F87BC-FF8E-6937-FF5A-FB8EFDA6FD5B |
treatment provided by |
Plazi |
scientific name |
Gymnomuraena zebra ( Shaw 1797 ) |
status |
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Gymnomuraena zebra ( Shaw 1797) View in CoL —Zebra Moray
( Figure 7 View FIGURE 7 )
Gymnothorax zebra Shaw in Shaw & Nodder 1797: 4 View in CoL unnum. pp., pl. 322 (Sumatra, Indonesia [erroneously given originally as American seas]). Holotype (unique), BMNH 1977.4.22.4.
Muraena zebra: Klunzinger, 1871: 620 View in CoL .
Echidna zebra: Fowler 1945: 119 View in CoL ; Clark et al. 1968: 21; Dor 1984: 27; Goren & Dor 1994: 7; Khalaf & Disi 1997: 39.
Gymnomuraena zebra: Khalaf 2004: 37 View in CoL ; Randall & Golani 1995: 853; Golani & Bogorodsky 2010: 10; Golani & Fricke 2018: 20.
Red Sea material. Egypt: HUJ 15143 (1, 495), Ras Muhammad. Eritrea: USNM 312170 (2, 545–547), Isola Delemme.
Comparative material. Chagos Archipelago: USNM 306603 About USNM (1, 362) ; USNM 312169 About USNM (1, 370) . Indonesia, Sumatra: BMNH 1977.4 .22.4 (1, 732, holotype). Hawaii: USNM 108807 About USNM (1, 499) ; USNM 402389 About USNM (1, 663) . Panama: USNM 318328 About USNM (1, 386) ; USNM 361595 About USNM (1, 165).
Description. In TL: preanal length 1.4–1.5, head length 8.3–11, body depth at anus 16–22. In head length: snout length 5.4–7.4, eye diameter 10–12, upper-jaw length 2.5–3.3. Pores: LL 2, SO 3, IO 4, POM 6. Vertebrae: predorsal 13–17, preanal 82–86, total 127–134.
Body moderately stout; anus well behind mid-length; tail blunt; dorsal fin begins slightly behind gill opening; anal fin begins immediately behind anus, fins largely concealed externally by thick skin. Head relatively deep, snout short. Eye well developed, over middle of upper jaw. Gill opening small, low on side. Anterior nostril tubular, relatively short; posterior nostril in a short tube, above anterior part of eye.
Teeth large, blunt, molariform. Intermaxillary teeth in an oval patch, about 4–5 teeth across, outer teeth smaller than inner. Maxillary teeth small, in a short row, one to two series. Dentary teeth biserial, with a few small teeth anteriorly forming a third row, anterior teeth in main series somewhat larger anteriorly. Vomerine teeth large and prominent, in an elliptical patch, narrowing to a single tooth posteriorly, two teeth anteriorly, confluent with intermaxillary teeth.
Color: dark brown to orange-brown, with numerous narrow pale yellowish or white bars on head and body; number of bars varying from about 25 in small individuals to about 100 in large adults, some bars interrupted in adults; anterior nostril pale.
Commonly grows to about 1 m in length, occasionally to 1.5 m.
Distribution and habitat. Across the entire Indo-Pacific, from the Indian Ocean including Red Sea to Hawaiian Islands, Marquesas Islands, and Central America. Occurs in shallow water and on coral reefs at depths of 1–50 m; feeds mainly on crabs, also on molluscs and sea urchins; rarely seen in the open.
Remarks. This species has sometimes been placed in Echidna because of its blunt, molariform teeth, but it is distinguished by the posterior position of the anus, well behind mid-length. There is a slight difference in the number of vertebrae between the Red Sea (127–130, N = 2) and elsewhere (129–134, N = 6). Genetic samples were not available from the Red Sea, and, as in the multigene phylogeny by Reece et al. (2010), the species does not show a close affiliation with other species of Muraeninae in the COI-based phylogeny ( Fig. 48 View FIGURE 48 ). A study on the genetic differentiation within G. zebra across the Indo-Pacific showed no marked intra-specific genetic variation in mitochondrial haplotypes ( Reece et al. 2011).
USNM |
Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History |
No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.
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Gymnomuraena zebra ( Shaw 1797 )
Smith, David G., Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Mal, Ahmad O. & Alpermann, Tilman J. 2019 |
Gymnothorax zebra Shaw in Shaw & Nodder 1797: 4
Shaw, G. & Nodder, F. P. 1797: 4 |