Calosoma luxatum Say, 1823

Bousquet, Yves, 2012, Catalogue of Geadephaga (Coleoptera, Adephaga) of America, north of Mexico, ZooKeys 245, pp. 1-1722 : 184-186

Calosoma luxatum Say, 1823

Calosoma luxata Say, 1823b: 149. Type locality: "Douglas Spring, Routt Co[unty], Colo[rado]" (neotype label). Neotype (♂), designated by Lindroth and Freitag (1969: 331), in MCZ [# 33087]. Note. "Arkansa [probably the Arkansas River since Say added "found near the Rocky mountains ”]» was the area originally cited by Say (1823b: 150).

Carabus zimmermani LeConte, 1847: 445. Type locality: "Rocky Mountains" (original citation). Holotype [by monotypy] in MCZ [# 638]. Synonymy established by Jeannel (1940: 175). Etymology. The species name honors Christian Zimmermann [1800-1867], an accomplished entomologist. Born in Germany, Zimmermann immigrated to the United States at the age of 31 and eventually settled in South Carolina where he divided his time between collecting trips along the East Coast and working on his collection at home. His collection was bought by Dr. Lewis of Philadelphia and from him by George Robert Crotch who sold it to the MCZ. According to Hagen (1889: 57), "a great part [of Zimmermann’s specimens] is in Leconte’s collection, and can be recognized at once by the number on the pins in Zimmermann’s hand-writing."

Calosoma striatulum LeConte, 1859c: 4 [primary homonym of Calosoma striatulum Chevrolat, 1835]. Type locality: "Milk river [probably in Montana]; Utah" (original citation). Syntype(s) in MCZ [# 639]. Synonymy established by Burgess and Collins (1917: 120), confirmed by Lindroth (1961a: 54).

Callisthenes pimelioides Walker, 1866: 312. Type locality: British Columbia (inferred from title of the book), restricted to «Oliver» by Lindroth (1961a: 54). At least one syntype in BMNH (Lindroth 1961a: 55). Synonymy established, under the name Callisthenes zimmermani LeConte, by LeConte (1870: 399) and Horn (1870a: 70), confirmed by Lindroth (1961a: 54).

Callisthenes luxatus var. opacus Géhin, 1885: 70. Type locality: «Orégon» (original citation). Syntype(s) in MHNP (Deuve 1978: 252). Synonymy established, under the name Callisthenes luxatum zimmermanni LeConte, by Breuning (1928b: 83).

Callisthenes exaratus Casey, 1913: 72. Type locality: "Placer Co[unty], California" (original citation). Three syntypes [3 originally cited] in USNM [# 37132]. Synonymy established, under the name Callisthenes luxatum zimmermanni LeConte, by Breuning (1928b: 84).

Callisthenes tegulatus Casey, 1913: 72. Type locality: «California» (original citation). One syntype in USNM [# 37128]. Synonymy established, under the name Callisthenes luxatum zimmermanni LeConte, by Breuning (1928b: 83).

Callisthenes tegulatus viator Casey, 1913: 72. Type locality: «California» (original citation). One syntype in USNM [# 37129]. Synonymy established, under the name Callisthenes luxatum zimmermanni LeConte, by Breuning (1928b: 83).

Callisthenes pustulosus Casey, 1913: 73. Type locality: "Yreka [Siskiyou County], California" (original citation). One syntype in USNM [# 37127]. Synonymy established, under the name Callisthenes luxatum zimmermanni LeConte, by Breuning (1928b: 84).

Callisthenes diffractus Casey, 1913: 75. Type locality: "Coolidge [McKinley County], New Mexico" (original citation). One syntype in USNM [# 37126]. Synonymy established, under the name Callisthenes luxatum zimmermanni LeConte, by Breuning (1928b: 84).

Callisthenes reflexus Casey, 1920: 164. Type locality: "northern Rocky Mountain region" (original citation). One syntype in USNM [# 37130]. Synonymy established, under the name Callisthenes luxatum zimmermanni LeConte, by Breuning (1928b: 84).

Callisthenes utensis Casey, 1920: 165. Type locality: "Stockton [Tooele County], Utah" (original citation). One syntype in USNM [# 37131]. Synonymy established, under the name Callisthenes luxatum zimmermanni LeConte, by Breuning (1928b: 84).

Callisthenes semotus Casey, 1920: 166. Type locality: "Stockton [Tooele County], Utah" (original citation). One syntype in USNM [# 37133]. Synonymy established, under the name Callisthenes luxatum zimmermanni LeConte, by Breuning (1928b: 84).

Callisthenes debilis Casey, 1920: 167. Type locality: «Oregon» (original citation). One syntype in USNM [# 37134] and one in SIM (Hennessey 1990: 466). Synonymy established, under the name Callisthenes luxatum zimmermanni LeConte, by Breuning (1928b: 84).

Callisthenes parowanus Casey, 1920: 167. Type locality: "Parowan [Iron County], Utah" (original citation). One syntype in USNM [# 37136]. Synonymy established, under the name Callisthenes luxatum zimmermanni LeConte, by Breuning (1928b: 84).

Calosoma striata Breuning, 1928b: 86. Replacement name for Calosoma striatulum LeConte, 1859.

Calosoma zimmermanni tahoensis Van Dyke, 1943: 18. Type locality: "slopes of M[oun]t Tallac, near Lake Tahoe [Placer County], California" (original citation). Holotype (♂) in CAS [# 5296]. Synonymy established, under the name Calosoma zimmermanni LeConte, by Gidaspow (1959: 318).

Distribution.

This species ranges from southern Saskatchewan to the Okanagan Valley in south-central British Columbia (Lindroth 1961a: 56), south to southeastern California, northwestern New Mexico (Casey, 1913: 75, as Callisthenes diffractus ), and northern Kansas [see Gidaspow 1959: Fig. 11, as Callisthenes luxatus , Callisthenes pimelioides , and Callisthenes zimmermanni ]. At least one specimen simply labeled from New Mexico is known (Gidaspow 1959: 311). The records from “Oklahoma” and “Texas” (Burgess and Collins 1917: 121, as Callisthenes zimmermani ) need confirmation.

Records.

CAN: AB, BC, SK USA: AZ, CA, CO, ID, KS, MT, NE, NM, NV, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY [OK, TX]

Note.

Gidaspow (1959) considered Callisthenes pimeloides Walker [synonyms: tegulatus Casey, viator Casey, pustulosus Casey, reflexus Casey, and parowanus Casey] and Carabus zimmermanni LeConte [synonyms: opacus Géhin, exaratus Casey, debilis Casey, and tahoensis Van Dyke] as distinct species but Lindroth (1961a: 55) argued that the structural differences noted between these forms are no more than intraspecific variation.