Scopogonalia Young, 1977

Leal, Afonso Henrique, Creão-Duarte, Antonio José & Mejdalani, Gabriel, 2016, Taxonomic review of Scopogonalia Young, 1977 (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellini) with description of six new species, Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 50 (23), pp. 1513-1542 : 1514-1525

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.1080/00222933.2016.1166530
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scientific name	Scopogonalia Young, 1977
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Treatment

Genus Scopogonalia Young, 1977 View in CoL

( Figures 1–11 View Figure 1 View Figure 2 View Figure 3 View Figure 4 View Figure 5 View Figure 6 View Figure 7 View Figure 8 View Figure 9 View Figure 10 View Figure 11 )

Type species

Tettigonia subolivacea Stål, 1862 View in CoL

Diagnosis

Small sharpshooters (4.6–7.7 mm) with dark brown to black macula on transition from crown to face; median and internal anteapical cells of fore wings open basally; male pygofer with long and slender process arising from ventral margin, apex of process brush-like or acute (in S. golbachi View in CoL ); connective long; paraphyses branched dorsoventrally

at base, with dorsal and ventral branches articulated, respectively, with base of aedeagus and apex of connective, with two rami apically or only one (in S. interruptula View in CoL ).

Comment

The basally open median and internal anteapical cells of the fore wings resulted as two apomorphies of the genus ( Leal 2014).

Length. 4.6–7.7 mm.

External morphology

Head ( Figures 1 View Figure 1 , 2A View Figure 2 , 3 View Figure 3 , 6A View Figure 6 , 7A View Figure 7 , 8A View Figure 8 , 9A View Figure 9 , 10A View Figure 10 , 11A View Figure 11 ) slightly to moderately produced anteriorly, median length of crown from 2/5 to 2/3 interocular width and from 1/4 to 2/5 transocular width; anterior margin, in dorsal view, narrowly or broadly rounded; without carina at transition from crown to face; ocelli located behind or aligned to anterior eye angles, each closer to adjacent anterior eye angle than to median line of crown, or equidistant between them; surface usually with slight concavity transversally to ocelli, without median fovea, without sculpturing or setae; frontogenal sutures extending onto crown and attaining ocelli; antennal ledges, in dorsal view, not protuberant and, in lateral view, with anterior margin convex; face without pubescence; frons convex, muscle impressions not distinct; epistomal suture complete; clypeus not strongly produced, its profile continuing contour of frons. Thorax ( Figures 1 View Figure 1 , 2A View Figure 2 , 3 View Figure 3 , 6A View Figure 6 , 7A View Figure 7 , 8A View Figure 8 , 9A View Figure 9 , 10A View Figure 10 , 11A View Figure 11 ) with pronotum width approximately equal to or less than transocular width; lateral margins slightly convergent anteriorly or parallel; dorsopleural carinae complete; posterior margin slightly concave; disc without punctures and almost always not rugose, glabrous; mesonotum with scutellum almost always not striate. Fore wings hyaline or opaque, without sculpturing, with membrane including all four apical cells and extending anteriorly along costal margin to basal half of wing, occasionally including apical portion of anteapical cells; veins distinct or not; with four apical cells, base of third more distal than bases of second and fourth; internal and median anteapical cells open basally; without anteapical plexus of veins; fore wing of female, in rest position, exceeding apex of ovipositor. Hind legs with femoral setal formula 2:1:1; length of first tarsomere equal to or (more commonly) greater than combined length of two more distal tarsomeres and with two parallel longitudinal rows of small setae on plantar surface.

Male genitalia

Pygofer ( Figures 2C View Figure 2 , 4A View Figure 4 , 6B View Figure 6 , 7B View Figure 7 , 8B View Figure 8 , 9B View Figure 9 , 10B View Figure 10 , 11B View Figure 11 ) moderately produced posteriorly (exception: S. dolixoura sp. nov., in which it is strongly produced; Figure 9B View Figure 9 ); narrowly convex posterodorsally, posteroventral margin broadly convex; with numerous macrosetae on posterior 2/3 of disc; with slender process arising from ventral margin, extending posteriorly or posterodorsally, with sclerotized brush-like structure at apex, except in S. golbachi , where apex is acute. Subgenital plates ( Figures 2D View Figure 2 , 4B View Figure 4 , 6C View Figure 6 , 7C View Figure 7 , 8C View Figure 8 , 9C View Figure 9 , 10C View Figure 10 , 11C View Figure 11 ) broadly triangular, not extending posteriorly as far as apex of pygofer, each tapered from its apical half; with macrosetae usually multiseriate near base and uniseriate towards apex. Styles ( Figures 2E View Figure 2 , 4C View Figure 4 , 6D View Figure 6 , 7D View Figure 7 , 8D View Figure 8 , 9D View Figure 9 , 10D View Figure 10 , 11D View Figure 11 ) with or without preapical lobe, not extending posteriorly as far as apex of connective. Connective ( Figures 2E View Figure 2 , 4C View Figure 4 , 6D View Figure 6 , 7D View Figure 7 , 8D View Figure 8 , 9D View Figure 9 , 11D View Figure 11 ) slender, Y-shaped. Aedeagus curved dorsally ( Figures 2F View Figure 2 , 4D View Figure 4 , 5 View Figure 5 , 6E View Figure 6 , 7E View Figure 7 , 8E View Figure 8 , 9E View Figure 9 , 11E View Figure 11 ) or ventrally ( Figure 10E View Figure 10 ); with one or more processes. Paraphyses ( Figures 2F View Figure 2 , 4D View Figure 4 , 5 View Figure 5 , 6E View Figure 6 , 7E–F View Figure 7 , 8–11E View Figure 8 View Figure 9 View Figure 10 View Figure 11 ) with dorsoventral branching at base, articulated with base of aedeagus and apex of connective by dorsal and ventral branches, respectively; with pair of apical lateral rami (except in S. interruptula with single ramus; Figure 4C View Figure 4 ).

Female genitalia

Abdominal sternite VII strongly produced posteriorly and gradually narrowed; posterior margin concave ( Figures 2G View Figure 2 , 6F View Figure 6 , 10F View Figure 10 , 11F View Figure 11 ) or convex ( Figures 7G View Figure 7 , 8F View Figure 8 ). ‘Internal’ abdominal sternite VIII located dorsally at base of ovipositor, with sclerites. Pygofer narrowed and subacute apically; with macrosetae on posterior half. Valvulae I slightly curved, with dorsal and ventral margins approximately parallel, apex acute; dorsal and ventral sculptured areas covered with scale-like structures arranged in oblique lines; ventral sculptured area restricted to apex and dorsal sculptured area from just posterior to basal curvature to apex. Valvulae II ( Figures 2H View Figure 2 , 6G View Figure 6 , 7H–K View Figure 7 , 8G–J View Figure 8 , 10G View Figure 10 , 11G–J View Figure 11 ) expanded beyond basal curvature; dorsal margin approximately parallel to ventral margin ( Figures 2H View Figure 2 , 6G View Figure 6 , 10G View Figure 10 ) or convex ( Figures 7H View Figure 7 , 8G View Figure 8 ); preapical prominence distinct ( Figure 11J View Figure 11 ) or not ( Figures 7K View Figure 7 , 8J View Figure 8 ); apex narrow; primary teeth all triangular ( Figures 7I–J View Figure 7 , 8H–I View Figure 8 ) or inclined trapezoid on basal and median portions ( Figure 11H View Figure 11 ), becoming triangular towards apex ( Figure 11I View Figure 11 ); first ones with flat posterior area, which becomes gradually smaller towards apex, where it is absent; denticles on all teeth and on apical portion; ventral dentate apical area greater than ( Figure 11J View Figure 11 ), equal to ( Figure 7K View Figure 7 ) or smaller ( Figure 8J View Figure 8 ) than dorsal one.

Comment

Our genus description corresponds basically to that of Young (1977) with the addition of the variation found in the new species and details of the female genitalia described by Mejdalani (1995), especially the ones of the valvulae II of the ovipositor.

Species included in Scopogonalia

S. agkistroides sp. nov. Brazil (Mato Grosso).

S. alba sp. nov. Brazil (Piauí and Paraíba) .

S. altmanni Cavichioli, 1986: 152 View in CoL . Brazil (Paraná) and Argentina.

S. amazonensis View in CoL sp. nov. Brazil (Amazonas and Acre).

S. dolixoura sp. nov. Brazil (Mato Grosso).

S. echinura Young, 1977: 534 View in CoL . Venezuela, Colombia, and Brazil (Paraíba, Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul).

S. euxloa View in CoL sp. nov. Brazil (Paraná).

S. golbachi Young, 1977: 538 View in CoL . Argentina.

S. interruptula ( Osborn, 1926: 181) View in CoL . ( Cicadella View in CoL ). Brazil.

S. nargena Young, 1977: 532 View in CoL . Colombia, Bolivia, Brazil (São Paulo, Distrito Federal, Mato Grosso do Sul and Paraná) and Argentina.

S. oglobini Young, 1977: 537 . Argentina.

S. osteiphera View in CoL sp. nov. Argentina.

S. paula Young, 1977: 534 View in CoL . Brazil (Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo). S. penicula Young, 1977: 536 View in CoL . Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina.

S. plaumanni Cavichioli, 1986: 153 View in CoL . Brazil (Paraná).

S. splendida Cavichioli, 1986: 156 View in CoL . Brazil (São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro) .

S. subolivacea ( Stål, 1862: 42) View in CoL . ( Tettigonia View in CoL ). Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina.

Key to males of Scopogonalia View in CoL

1. Ocelli aligned to anterior eye angles and equidistant from adjacent anterior eye angle and median line of crown ( Figure 1A View Figure 1 ); aedeagus curved ventrally ( Figure 10E View Figure 10 )......... 2

– Ocelli behind anterior eye angles and closer to adjacent anterior eye angle than to median line of crown ( Figure 1B View Figure 1 ); aedeagus curved dorsally ( Figures 2F View Figure 2 , 4D View Figure 4 , 5 View Figure 5 , 6E View Figure 6 , 7E View Figure 7 , 8E View Figure 8 , 9E View Figure 9 , 11E View Figure 11 ).. ................................................................................................................................... 4

2(1). Paraphyses with pair of lateral projections at level of base of rami ( Cavichioli 1986, fig. 21)...................................................................................................................................................... 3

– Paraphyses without such projections............................................ S. plaumanni Cavichioli View in CoL

3(2). Apices of paraphyses rami blunt ( Figure 10E View Figure 10 )...................................... S. euxloa View in CoL sp. nov.

– Apices of paraphyses rami acute ( Cavichioli 1986, fig. 21).... S. splendida Cavichioli View in CoL

4(1). Fore wings completely hyaline ( Figures 7A View Figure 7 , 8A View Figure 8 , 9A View Figure 9 )........................................................... 5

– Fore wings opaque ( Figures 2B View Figure 2 , 3 View Figure 3 , 6A View Figure 6 , 10A View Figure 10 , 11A View Figure 11 ).. ........................................................... 11

5(4). Fore wings green; paraphyses rami extending beside aedeagus ( Young 1977, fig. 436q)........................................................... ........................................................... S. nargena Young View in CoL

– Fore wings of another colour; paraphyses rami extending below aedeagus ( Figures 2F View Figure 2 , 4D View Figure 4 , 5 View Figure 5 , 6–11E View Figure 6 View Figure 7 View Figure 8 View Figure 9 View Figure 10 View Figure 11 ).................................................................................................................................. 6

6(5). Aedeagus with a hood-like structure on dorsoapical portion ( Figure 11E View Figure 11 ) or with a pair of broad and large dentiform processes in the same position ( Figure 7E View Figure 7 ) ..... 7

– Aedeagus without such hood-like structure, or, if with pair of dentiform processes, then they are reduced ( Figures 4D View Figure 4 , 5 View Figure 5 , 8E View Figure 8 , 9E View Figure 9 )........................................................................ 8

7(6). Crown with Y-shaped macula; paraphyses rami, in ventral view, not strongly curved.......................................................................................................... S. altmanni Cavichioli View in CoL

– Crown without such macula; paraphyses rami, in ventral view, strongly curved outwards ( Figure 7F View Figure 7 )........................................................................................ S. alba View in CoL sp. nov.

8(6). Pygofer strongly produced posteriorly and with dorsal margin, in lateral view, strongly concave ( Figure 9B View Figure 9 ).............................................................. S. dolixoura View in CoL sp. nov.

– Pygofer moderately produced posteriorly and with dorsal margin, in lateral view, almost straight................................................................................................................................. 9

9(8). Aedeagus short with three tiny processes at apex: one ventral and two dorsolateral ( Figure 5 View Figure 5 )............................................. ............................................. S. echinura Young View in CoL

– Aedeagus not as above............................................................................................................ 10

10(9). Aedeagus hook-shaped ( Figure 8E View Figure 8 )............................................ S. agkistroides View in CoL sp. nov.

– Aedeagus gradually broadened towards apex, with large ventral dentiform process ( Young 1977, fig. 441p).............................. .............................. S. oglobini Young

11(4). Basal angles of scutellum with pair of dark brown to black maculae ( Figures 1B View Figure 1 , 2A View Figure 2 , 3 View Figure 3 , 11A View Figure 11 )...................................................................................................................................... 12

– Basal angles of scutellum without such maculae....... ....... S. amazonensis View in CoL sp. nov.

12(11). Paraphysis – that is, single ramus ( Figure 4D View Figure 4 ).......... .......... S. interruptula (Osborn) View in CoL

– Paraphyses – that is, two rami, or U-shaped .................................................................. 13

13(12). Paraphyses U-shaped; process of pygofer with apex acute ( Young 1977, fig. 442c).................................................................................................................. S. golbachi Young View in CoL

– Paraphyses with two rami; process of pygofer with brush-like apex .................. 14

14(13). Aedeagus with conspicuous process on ventral margin at midlength ( Young 1977, fig. 440p).............................................. .............................................. S. penicula Young View in CoL

– Aedeagus without such process........................................................................................... 15

15(14). Aedeagus with one dentiform process on ventral margin ( Young 1977, fig. 438p) ................................................................................................................................... S. paula Young View in CoL

– Aedeagus with two dentiform processes on ventral margin ( Figures 2F View Figure 2 , 6E View Figure 6 , 11E View Figure 11 ) ............................................................................................................................................ 16

16(15). Aedeagus with hood-like structure on dorsoapical portion ( Figure 11E View Figure 11 ).................. ....................................................................................................................... S. osteiphera View in CoL sp. nov.

– Aedeagus with dorsoapical portion rounded ( Figure 2F View Figure 2 )... ... S. subolivacea (Stål) View in CoL