Chirostilbia, Enderlein, 1921

Hernández, Luis Miguel, Shelley, Anthony John, Dias, Antonio Paulino Andrade De Luna & Maia-Herzog, Marilza, 2008, Carcinoma Folicular de Tiroides concomitante con Hiperparatiroidismo Primario. Caso Clínico, Zootaxa 1834, pp. 1-100 : 10-11

Key to Species of Chirostilbia

Several keys exist that purport to separate the females and males of all species of Chirostilbia (e.g., Coscarón, 1987, 1991; Coscarón & Coscarón-Arias, 2007). However, the adults of certain species of this subgenus are very difficult to separate and so the configuration and number of the pupal gill need to be studied in linkreared material for a reliable identification. Therefore, the reader should consult both adult and pupal keys and the morphological descriptions and digital images in this paper when identifying specimens.

FEMALE

1. Scutum black with no obvious scutal pattern ( Figs. 31, 32, 41, 42 )............................................................ 2

— Scutum orange, grey, brown or black with pattern ( Figs. 33–40, 43–72 ) .................................................. 3

2. Apex of paraproct pointed and sclerotised ( Fig. 121 ) ...................................................... S. bifenestratum *

— Apex of paraproct rounded and unsclerotised ( Fig. 125 ) ......................................................... S. empascae

3. Scutum orange, grey or brown .................................................................................................................... 4

— Scutum black with grey pruinosity ............................................................................................................. 6

4. Scutum light orange, or grey pruinose with a median and 1+1 posteriorly diverging, submedian, dark orange or black vittae running length of scutum with anterior light source ( Figs. 67, 69, 71 ). Gonapophysis un-sclerotised ( Fig. 120 ). Paraproct subrectangular, ventral extension subtriangular and three times length of cercus, posterior protuberance at junction of cercus and paraproct absent, posterior margin almost straight ( Fig. 136 ). Anterior processes of genital fork poorly developed ( Fig. 151 ).......................... ....................................................................................................... S. subpallidum (orange and grey forms)

— Scutum brown pruinose with a median and 1+1 submedian, posteriorly diverging, brown vittae running length of scutum with anterior light source ( Figs. 39 , 61 ). Gonapophysis highly sclerotised on inner margin and apical half of posterior margin ( Figs. 108 , 117 ). Paraproct subtriangular with ventral extension twice as long as cercus and small posterior protuberance, posterior margin slightly concave ( Figs. 123, 133 ). Anterior processes of genital fork well developed ( Figs. 139, 148 )...................................................5

5. Paraproct with posterior prominence on junction between ventral extension and cercus; ratio of width to length of ventral extension 2:5 ( Fig. 123 ) ................................................................................ S. distinctum

— Paraproct without posterior prominence on junction between ventral extension and cercus; ratio of width to length of ventral extension 1:2 ( Fig. 133 ) ...................................................................... S. riograndense

6. Scutum with 1+1 large, lateral, oval, silver pruinose areas in central third with anterior light source ( Fig. 47 ) ................................................................................................................................................. S. obesum Scutum with median and 1+1 submedian black vittae with anterior light source (e.g., Figs. 33, 35, 37 , 45, 65) ............................................................................................................................................................... 7

7. Scutal pattern indistinct, especially in perfect specimens ( Figs. 51–60 , 63,64) ......................................... 8

— Scutal pattern distinct ( Figs. 33–38, 43 –46, 49–50, 70–72) ....................................................................... 9

8. Ventral extension of paraproct two and a half times length of cercus ( Figs. 130 ) ....................... S. pertinax

— Ventral extension of paraproct one and a half times length of cercus ( Fig. 134 )......................... S. serranus 9. Ventral extension of paraproct more than twice as long as cercus ( Figs. 135, 136 )...................................10 — Ventral extension of paraproct about one and a half times length of cercus ( Figs. 122, 126, 127, 129 )....11 10. Ventral extension to paraproct suboval, three times length of cercus ( Fig. 135 ) ............. S. spinibranchium — Ventral extension to paraproct subtriangular, two and a half times length of cercus ( Figs. 136 ) ..................

.............................................................................................................................. subpallidum (black form) 11. Ventral extension to paraproct truncated apically ( Fig. 126 ) ................................................ S. friedlanderi — Ventral extension to paraproct rounded apically ( Figs. 122, 127, 129 ).....................................................12 12. Ventral extension to paraproct suboval ( Fig. 127 ) ..................................................................... S. jefersoni — Ventral extension to paraproct subtriangular ( Figs. 122, 129 ) ........................... S. dekeyseri , S. papaveroi

*Scutal characters indistinct, specimen recovered from alcohol

MALE

1. Thorax orange, reddish-brown or brownish black and 1+1 obvious, lateral, silver pruinose areas in anterior third with light direction anterior. Gonostyle trapezoidal ( Figs. 182, 189, 191–193 )..................................2

— Thorax black. Gonostyle conical or trapezoidal ( Figs. 180, 181, 183–186, 188, 190, 192, 193 )................4

2. Scutum brownish black independent of light direction ( Figs. 172, 173 ) ....................... S. spinibranchium

— Scutum orange or reddish brown independent of light direction ( Figs. 156–157 , 168, 169, 174–177 )......3

3. Gonostyle as long as gonocoxite ( Figs. 192, 193 ) ........................ S. subpallidum (orange and grey forms)

— Gonostyle about half as long as gonocoxite ( Figs. 182, 189 ) ...................... S. distinctum , S. riograndense

4. Scutum black with no pattern [light source anterior] ( Figs. 152 ) ....................................... S. bifenestratum

— Scutum black with silver pruinose pattern [light source anterior] ( Figs. 154, 158, 160, 162, 164 , 166, 170 , 172,178).......................................................................................................................................................5

5. Pruinose area on scutum diffuse and covering anterior margin with anterior light source ( Figs. 155, 160 , 170, 178 ). Gonostyle trapezoidal ( Figs. 168 , 181, 184, 190 , 192,193)........................................................6

— Pruinose areas on scutum in form of 1+1 anterolateral well defined areas in anterior third of scutum with anterior light source ( Figs. 158, 162, 164 , 166 ). Gonostyle conical or trapezoidal ( Figs. 183, 185–188 )...8

6. Thorax with 1+1 submedian, silver pruinose areas near anterior margin of scutum with posterior light source ( Fig. 171 ).......................................................................................................................... S. serranus

— Thorax with submedian, silver pruinose areas absent with posterior light source ( Figs. 155, 161 , 167, 179 )......................................................................................................................................................................7

7. Thorax covered by shortish, silvery golden hairs, irrespective of light direction ( Figs. 154, 155 ) ................ ................................................................................................................................................... S. dekeyseri

— Thorax covered by long distinct golden hairs, irrespective of light direction ( Figs. 160, 161 , 166, 167, 178, 179 ).................................................................... S. friedlanderi , S. pertinax *, S. subpallidum (black form)

8. Pruinose areas on scutum triangular with anterior light source ( Fig. 162 ). Gonostyle conical ( Figs. 185, 187 ) ....................................................................................................................... S. jefersoni , S. papaveroi

— Pruinose areas on scutum oval with anterior light source ( Figs. 158, 164 , 166 ). Gonostyle trapezoidal ( Figs. 183, 186, 188 )....................................................................................................................................9

9. Pruinose areas on scutum not touching anterior margin with anterior light source ( Fig. 166 ) .. S. pertinax Pruinose areas on scutum touching anterior margin with anterior light source ( Figs. 183, 186 ) .................. ................................................................................................................................. S. empascae , S. obesum

Figures

PLATE 3. FIGURES 31–44. Colour patterns for female thorax. For each species first figure is with anterior illumination and second figure with posterior illumination: 31, 32: S. bifenestratum (After Hamada & Pepinelli, 2004); 33, 34: S. dekeyseri holotype; 35, 36: S. dekeyseri paratype; 37, 38: S. dekeyseri variation; 39,40: S. distinctum lectotype; 41, 42: S. empascae; 43, 44: S. friedlanderi; 45, 46: S. jefersoni paratype.

PLATE 4. FIGURES 47–62. Colour patterns for female thorax. For each species first figure is with anterior illumination and second figure with posterior illumination, except for Fig. 50 in which the light source is lateral to the specimen (see Coscarón, 1982): 47, 48: S. obesum; 49, 50: S. papaveroi (After Coscaron, 1982); 51, 52: S. pertinax holotype; 53, 54: S. pertinax; 55, 56: C. flavifemur lectotype; 57, 58: T. lutziana lectotype; 59, 60: S. septentrionale holotype; 61, 62: S. riograndense. [Scale bars for all photographs except figures 49,50.]

PLATE 5. FIGURES 63–72. Colour patterns for female thorax. For each species first figure is with anterior illumination and second figure with posterior illumination: 63, 64: S. serranus; 65, 66: S. spinibranchium; 67–74: S. subpallidum colouration forms; 67–68: Orange form; 69–70: Grey form; 71–72: Black form.

PLATE 8. FIGURES 106–112. Female gonapophyses of: 106: S. bifenestratum (After Hamada & Pepinelli, 2004); 107: S. dekeyseri paratype; 108: S. distinctum lectotype; 109: S. empascae; 110: S. friedlanderi; 111: S. jefersoni paratype; 112: S. obesum.

PLATE 9. FIGURES 113–120. Female gonapophyses of: 113: S. papaveroi (After Coscarón, 1982); 114: S. pertinax; 115: C. flavifemur paralectotype; 116: T. lutziana paralectotype; 117: S. riograndense; 118: S. serranus; 119: S. spinibranchium; 120: S. subpallidum.

PLATE 10. FIGURES 121–136. Female cercus and paraproct of: 121: S. bifenestratum (After Hamada & Pepinelli, 2004); 122: S. dekeyseri paratype; 123: S. distinctum lectotype; 124: S. distinctum, São Paulo, Brazil; 125: S. empascae; 126: S. friedlanderi; 127: S. jefersoni paratype; 128: S. obesum; 129: S. papaveroi (After Coscarón, 1982); 130: S. pertinax; 131: C. flavifemur paralectotype; 132: T. lutziana paralectotype; 133: S. riograndense; 134: S. serranus; 135: S. spinibranchium; 136: S. subpallidum.

PLATE 11. FIGURES 137–151. Female genital fork of: 137: S. bifenestratum (After Hamada & Pepinelli, 2004); 138: S. dekeyseri paratype; 139: S. distinctum lectotype; 140: S. empascae; 141: S. friedlanderi; 142: S. jefersoni paratype; 143: S. obesum; 144: S. papaveroi (After Coscarón, 1982); 145: S. pertinax; 146: C. flavifemur paralectotype; 147: T. lutziana paralectotype; 148: S. riograndense; 149: S. serranus; 150: S. spinibranchium; 151: S. subpallidum.

PLATE 12. FIGURES 152–165. Colour patterns for male thorax. For each species first figure is with anterior illumination and second figure with posterior illumination, except for Fig. 153 in which the specimen is positioned dorso-laterally. 152, 153: S. bifenestratum (After Hamada & Pepinelli, 2004); 154, 155: S. dekeyseri paratype; 156, 157: S. distinctum; 158, 159: S. empascae; 160, 161: S. friedlanderi; 162, 163: S. jefersoni paratype; 164, 165: S. obesum.

PLATE 13. FIGURES 166–179. Colour patterns for male thorax. For each species first figure is with anterior illumination and second figure with posterior illumination. 166, 167: S. pertinax; 168, 169: S. riograndense; 170, 171: S. serranus paratype; 172, 173: S. spinibranchium; 174–177: S. subpallidum colouration forms, 174, 175: Orange form; 176, 177: Grey form; 178, 179: Black form.

PLATE 14. FIGURES 180–193. Male gonocoxite and gonostyle of: 180: S. bifenestratum (After Hamada & Pepinelli, 2004); 181: S. dekeyseri paratype; 182: S. distinctum; 183: S. empascae; 184: S. friedlanderi; 185: S. jefersoni paratype; 186: S. obesum; 187: S. papaveroi (After Coscarón, 1982); 188: S. pertinax; 189: S. riograndense; 190: S. serranus paratype; 191: S. spinibranchium; 192: S. subpallidum (longitudinal ridge undeveloped); 193: S. subpallidum (longitudinal ridge developed). [Scale bars for all photographs except for photographs 180, 187.]