Simulium (Chirostilbia) subpallidum Lutz, 1910

Hernández, Luis Miguel, Shelley, Anthony John, Dias, Antonio Paulino Andrade De Luna & Maia-Herzog, Marilza, 2008, Carcinoma Folicular de Tiroides concomitante con Hiperparatiroidismo Primario. Caso Clínico, Zootaxa 1834, pp. 1-100 : 47-49

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.34631/sporl.419
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A2708A02-FF80-FFD4-FF78-50F1FC29FB63
treatment provided by	Felipe
scientific name	Simulium (Chirostilbia) subpallidum Lutz
status

Treatment

Simulium (Chirostilbia) subpallidum Lutz View in CoL

( Figs. 15 View PLATE 1 , 30 View PLATE 2 , 67–72 View PLATE 5 , 103–105 View PLATE 7 , 120 View PLATE 9 , 136 View PLATE 10 , 151 View PLATE 11 , 174–179 View PLATE 13 , 192, 193 View PLATE 14 , 205 View PLATE 15 , 218 View PLATE 16 , 231 View PLATE 18 , 244 View PLATE 20 , 258–260 View PLATE 22 )

Simulium subpallidum Lutz, 1910: 247 View in CoL . LECTOTYPE ♀, BRAZIL: Minas Gerais State, Benjamin Constant; 16.10 [=1910] [Without collector’s name, but probably collected by A. Lutz.] [Examined.] (IOC) [Lectotype designation by Hernández et al., 2007: 6 View Cited Treatment .; correction on collecting date of lectotype in this paper see Taxonomic discussion under S. subpallidum View in CoL .]

Simulium subviride Lutz & Machado, 1915: 46 . Nomen nudum ( Coscarón, 1982: 73).

Simulium guerreroi Ramírez Pérez, 1971: 355 View in CoL . HOLOTYPE [Life stage of holotype not stated in original description.], VENEZUELA: Estado Bolívar, Ciudad Bolívar, Rio Candelaria; [Without date or collector’s name, but presumably collected by Ramírez Pérez] [Holotype said to be deposited in DERM, but location unknown—see Note on Ramírez Pérez Simuliidae View in CoL collection.] [Synonymy by Ramírez Pérez et al. 1982: 83.]

Simulium guarani Coscarón & Wygodzinsky, 1972: 210 . HOLOTYPE ♀ (reared), PARAGUAY: Ayo Mobolil, 13.vii.1971 (Coscarón, S.) [MLP] [Examined.] [Synonymy by Coscarón, 1982: 73.]

Simulium acarayensis Coscarón & Wygodzinsky, 1972: 216 . HOLOTYPE ♀ (reared), PARAGUAY: Rio Aracay, 1 km S/ represa; 12.vii.1971, (Coscarón) (MLP) [Examined.] [Synonymy by Hernández et al., 2007: 6.]

Simulium nilesi Rambajan, 1979: 63 View in CoL . HOLOTYPE ♀, GUYANA: Rupununi District, Lethem area; i.1975, [Without collector’s name, but probably I. Rambajan.] (IPGF): [Synonymised with S. perflavum Roubaud View in CoL by Py-Daniel, 1989: 254 in the subgenus Psilopelmia , but considered in this paper as a junior synonym of S. subpallidum View in CoL in the subgenus Chirostilbia .] New synonymy

Female. General body colour orange, through to black. Body length (specimens pinned) 1.7–2.6 mm (mean= 2.1 mm, s.d.=0.25, n=11), wing length 1.7–2.2 mm (mean= 1.9 mm, s.d.=0.18, n=10), wing width 0.7– 1.0 mm (mean= 0.84 mm, s.d.=0.13, n=10).

Head— dichoptic with greenish eyes, nudiocular area present ( Fig. 15 View PLATE 1 ). Frons, clypeus and occiput black with silvery grey pruinosity; frons and occiput covered by erect, black hairs. Cibarium unarmed, cornuae sclerotised ( Fig. 30 View PLATE 2 ). Remainder of head grey pruinose, except for light brown antennae and mouthparts.

Thorax— light orange, or grey to brownish black pruinose covered by recumbent, whitish hairs. Thoracic pattern varying with light incidence. With anterior light source a median and 1+1 posteriorly diverging, submedian dark orange vittae running length of scutum ( Figs. 67, 69, 71 View PLATE 5 ) [An orange form occurs with a sixfilamented pupa in which the scutal pattern is more distinct than the typical eight filamented form]. Humeri, lateral and posterior margins greyish orange in orange form and greyish in grey and black forms. With poste- rior light source orange and grey forms appear dull orange with no obvious scutal pattern [In six-filamented orange form pattern distinct with light orange and dark orange areas reversing ( Figs. 68, 70 View PLATE 5 ). In black form scutal pattern less distinct than with anterior light direction ( Fig. 72 View PLATE 5 )]. Scutellum pale to dark brown covered with recumbent whitish hairs and erect setae on posterior margin. Postnotum dark brown to black, silver pruinose. Costa of wing with spines interspersed with hairs. Subcostal wing vein with central seta. Radius with line of hairs interspersed with spines and basal section with line of setae [variation in wing hairing has been noted by Coscarón & Wygodzinsky (1972), the basal sector of the Radius having 1 or 2 rows of setae and the Subcostal vein without setae or with a single line of setae along its length]. Coloration and proportions of legs as in Figs. 103–105 View PLATE 7 . Foreleg yellowish with brown articulations to tibia and all tarsal segments. Mid leg yellowish with part of coxa, distal articulations of tibia and basitarsus, distal half of second tarsal segments and remainder of tarsus brown. Hind leg yellowish white with distal articulation of femur, distal third of tibia, distal fourth of basitarsus and remainder of tarsal segments brown. Claw without teeth. Halteres yellow with dark brown bases.

Abdomen— greenish grey. Genitalia grey. Eighth sternites lightly sclerotised; gonapophyses subtriangular, un-sclerotised with few setae basally ( Fig. 120 View PLATE 9 ). Cercus hemispherical; paraprocts subrectangular, ventral extension subtriangular and three times length of cercus, lightly sclerotised ( Fig. 136 View PLATE 10 ). Genital fork un-sclerotised with poorly developed anterior processes and reduced posterior processes ( Fig. 151 View PLATE 11 ). Spermatheca oval, highly sclerotised with no obvious external sculpturing and irregularly arranged internal spicules; area of insertion of spermathecal duct membranous.

Male. General body colour orange and brown. Body length 1.9–2.8mm (mean= 2.3 mm, s.d.=0.36, n=7), wing length 1.5–1.9 mm (mean= 1.7 mm, s.d.=0.13, n=7), wing width 0.7–0.9mm (mean= 0.8 mm, s.d.=0.09, n=7).

Head— holoptic with red eyes; remainder of coloration as in female.

Thorax— orange, dark orange and grey to black with recumbent golden hairs. Thoracic pattern varying with light direction. The most common pattern is the orange form, although dark orange and grey to black form also occur. With light source anterior 1+1 submedian, silver pruinose areas in anterior third of thorax ( Fig. 174, 176, 178 View PLATE 13 ). With light posterior scutum completely orange, dark orange to grey black ( Figs. 175, 177, 179 View PLATE 13 ); lateral and posterior borders of scutum silver pruinose [best seen when specimen tilted]. The brown form has a similar pruinose pattern to the orange form ( Figs. 176, 177 View PLATE 13 ), but in the black form the silver pruinose area covers the anterior margin and occupies a third of the scutum ( Figs. 178, 179 View PLATE 13 ). Scutellum orange, dark orange grey to black. Postnotum black with silver pruinose, triangular areas on anterior border extending for half its length. Wing venation and leg coloration as in female, except dark areas more intense.

Abdomen— tergites I, II and IX greenish brown, other segments velvet black with silver ornamentation in median area of tergite II, lateral borders of tergites VI and VII and all of tergite IX. [The silver ornamentation appears to vary—in specimens from Argentina and Paraguay (as S. guarani ) only segments VI and VII have silver patches ( Coscarón & Wygodzinsky 1972). In a description by Coscarón (1991) based on these specimens and extra material collected in Brazil the abdomen is described as black with silver patches on tergites II, VI and VIII.] Genitalia black. Gonocoxite subrectangular; gonostyle small, subconical, with or without longitudinal ridge and no distal spine, same length as gonocoxite ( Fig. 192, 193 View PLATE 14 ); gonocoxite and gonostyle covered with long hairs and setae. Ventral plate crescent-shaped, sclerotised, slightly raised apically; basal arms short and lightly sclerotised; main body of ventral plate covered by small setae ( Fig. 205 View PLATE 15 ). Median sclerite Y-shaped and sclerotised ( Fig. 218 View PLATE 16 ). Paramere with several, well developed apical spines ( Fig. 231 View PLATE 18 ).

Pupa. Cocoon length dorsally 2.2–2.7mm (mean= 2.5 mm, s.d.=0.14, n=19), ventrally 2.2–2.9mm (mean= 2.6 mm, s.d.=0.21, n=20); pupa length 1.8–2.8mm (mean= 2.1 mm, s.d.=0.31, n=8), gill length 1.2– 1.9mm (mean= 1.6 mm, s.d.=0.23, n=16).

Cocoon— slipper-shaped as in Fig. 244 View PLATE 20 , mid brown, made of finely woven, gelatinous fibres and with reinforced rim to anterior aperture without central protuberance.

Gill— yellowish with eight (sometimes six), fine, basally branching, forwardly-directed arranged in a vertical plane. Main trunk giving rise to three primary branches with following divisions into secondary branches in basal sixth of gill: dorsal and median with three and ventral with two branches ( Figs. 258, 259 View PLATE 22 ). In the case of the six-filamented form the configuration is 2:2:2 ( Fig. 260 View PLATE 22 ). All rounded distally, with edges weakly crenate, and same length

Head— frontoclypeus with 2+2 long, bifid, facial and 1+1 long, bifid, frontal trichomes; frontoclypeus with group of platelets mesally, one group of approximately 2–3 platelets dorso-laterally and two groups of 2– 3 platelets laterally in frontal region. Tubercles absent on anterior region of frontoclypeus and rounded, scarce on facial region.

Thorax— with approximately 4+4 trifid or quadrifid trichomes and one simple trichome near dorsal cleft, one small, simple trichome in central region of thorax and one long, simple trichome on ventral margin; tubercles rounded, sparsely distributed on cephalothorax confined to gill base and dorsal area.

Abdomen— tergite I with 1+1 sublateral simple or bifid and 2+2 small sublateral trichomes on anterior margin; tergite II with 4+4 spiniform setae in row on posterior margin, 1+1 simple long setae anterior to middle spiniform setae, and 2+2 long setae anterior to outermost spiniform setae; tergites III and IV with 4+4 simple hooks in row, and 1+1 simple setae anterior to outer hooks, and 2+2 small simple trichomes on lateral margins; tergites V–VIII with 1+1 submedian and 1+1 sublateral small simple trichomes; tergite VIII with 1+1 submedian long simple trichomes; tergite IX weakly sclerotised with 1+1 small terminal spines. Spine combs on anterior margins of tergites III–XI, well developed in tergites VIII–IX. Sternite III with 2+2 median small single trichomes; sternite IV with 2+2 small submedian simple and 2+2 small lateral simple trichomes; sternite V with 2+2 close bifid median hooks, 2+2 small simple trichomes anterior to outermost hooks, and 1+1 small simple trichomes on lateral margins; sternites VI, VII with 2+2 well separated hooks, outermost simple and innermost bifid, 1+1 simple trichomes between outermost hooks, 1+1 simple small trichomes anterior to outermost hooks and 1+1 small simple trichomes near lateral margins; sternite VIII without hooks; sternite IX weakly sclerotised. Spine combs on anterior margins of sternites III–IX.

Larva. A description of the larva is found in Coscarón (1982, 1991), Coscarón-Arias (2007) and Coscarón & Wygodzinsky (1972) [as S. guarani and S. acarayensis ].