Mioranina asymmetrica (P. Muller, 1979)

BOYKO, CHRISTOPHER B., 2002, A Worldwide Revision Of The Recent And Fossil Sand Crabs Of The Albuneidae Stimpson And Blepharipodidae, New Family (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Hippoidea), Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2002 (272), pp. 1-396 : 230-240

( A. asymmetrica not included in key)

1 CG1 entire......................... 2

– CG1 separated into anterior and posterior elements........................... 4

2 Median anterior margin of setal field produced......................... A. cuisiana

– Median anterior margin of setal field not produced............................ 3

3 CG6 and CG7 separated...... A. speciosa

– CG6 and CG7 united.......... A. hahnae

4 Pereopod III dactylus heel rounded...... 5

– Pereopod III dactylus heel acute....... 12

5 Ocular plate subquadrate.............. 6

– Ocular plate triangular................ 9

6 Pereopod II dactylus indent narrow........................... A. galapagensis

– Pereopod II dactylus indent broad....... 7

7 Distal peduncular segments with deep mediolateral notch................ A. elioti

– Distal peduncular segments without deep mediolateral notch.................... 8

8 Proximal calcified region one­fourth of total length of male telson....... A. microps

– Proximal calcified region three­fourths of total length of male telson......... A. bulla

9 Distal margin of telson mucronate................................ A. gibbesii

– Distal margin of telson not mucronate.. 10

10 CG8 entire in median....... A. thurstoni

– CG8 broken in median.............. 11

11 Ventral margin of pereopod II dactylus heel rounded................... A. danai

– Ventral margin of pereopod II dactylus heel subquadrate.............. A. carabus

12 CG11 absent...................... 13

– CG11 present..................... 15

13 Male telson spatulate, rounded at tip............................. A. symmysta

– Male telson ovate, indented at tip..... 14

14 Male telson lateral margins convex............................. A. steinitzi

– Male telson lateral margins straight............................ A. groeningi

15 Male telson spatulate........ A. occultus

– Male telson ovate.................. 16

16 Male telson with indented median ridge lined with thick setae.................. 17

– Male telson with inflated median ridge lined with thin setae.................. 20

17 Pereopod IV dactylus with deep indent.......................... A. catherinae

– Pereopod IV dactylus with shallow indent ............................... 18

18 Antennular segment I unarmed................................. A. paretii

– Antennular segment I with dorsal spine... ............................... 19

19 Male telson distal margin slightly tapered.......................... A. elegans

– Male telson distal margin truncated.............................. A. lucasia

20 CG11 one long element, CG10 one long element.................. A. holthuisi

– CG11 two or three short elements, CG10 three or four short elements.............................. A. marquisiana

Albunea speciosa Dana, 1852 Figures 75 , 76

Albunaea [sic] speciosa Dana, 1852: 405–406 . – Dana, 1855: pl. 25, figs. 6a–f. – Stimpson, 1858: 230 (list).

Albunea symnista [sic]: A. Milne Edwards, 1862: F–12* (not Albunea symmysta ( Linnaeus, 1758)) .

Albanea [sic] symnista [sic]: Hoffman, 1874: 42 (list) (not Albunea symmysta ( Linnaeus, 1758)) .

Albunea speciosa: Miers, 1878: 331 . – Ortmann, 1896: 225 (list). – Gordon, 1938: 187 (list). – Edmondson, 1946: 266. – Serène, 1973: 262– 263, pl. 2. – Serène, 1977: 47, 52, fig. 1. – Coêlho and Calado, 1987: table 1. – Calado, 1995: 60–63, pl. 4, fig. g, pl. 5, fig. f, pl. 17, figs. a–c, pl. 18, figs. a–d. – Poupin, 1996a: 22– 23 *. – Calado, 1997a: 17. – Boyko and Harvey, 1999: 400 (list), 401 (key). – Boyko, 1999: 145 (list), 147–155, figs. 3, 4*. – Boyko, 2000a: 115–116 *.

‘‘? Albunea ’’ speciosa: Borradaile, 1904: 751 *.

Albunea thurstoni: Thomassin, 1969: 146–149 , pl. 4, figs. 1–8, text­figs. 3d, 5 (not Albunea thurstoni Henderson, 1893 ).

Albunea madagascariensis Thomassin, 1973: 265–270 , pl. 1, figs. 1, 2. – Coêlho and Calado, 1987: 43, table 1. – Calado, 1995: 41–43, pl. 4, fig. d, pl. 5, fig. c, pl. 10, figs. a–f, pl. 11, figs. a–f. – Calado, 1997a: 17. – Boyko and Harvey, 1999: 400 (list), 401 (key). – Boyko, 1999: 145 (list), 154 (NEW SYNONYMY).

MATERIAL EXAMINED: Réunion: Île Bourbon, Nov. 1862, coll. M. Maillard: 1 Ƌ, 7.2 mm cl (MNHN­Hi 191).

Seychelles: Mahe´, July–Sept. 1966, coll. Mission Zoologique MRAC­ULB: 1 oviger, 9.9 mm cl ( MRAC 53.894).

Maldives: Hulule, Male Atoll, pre–1900, coll. J. S. Gardiner: 1 Ƌ, 8.4 mm cl ( UMZC).

Australia: Western Australia: Bay on north side of Point Cloates , lee side of reef, 113°38̍E, 22°41̍S, 2 fms (= 3.7 m), Aug. 23, 1968, coll. Ningaloo Expedition: 1 Ƌ, 8.7 mm cl, 1 unsexable specimen, 9.1 mm cl ( WAM 23398) ; southwest of Point Cloates , 113°39̍30̎E, 22°43̍30̎S, Sept. 7, 1968, coll. Ningaloo Expedition: 1 oviger, 9.7 mm cl ( WAM 23399) .

Loyalty Islands: Sta. 1413, 20°55.3̍S, 167°05.0̍E, Baie du Santal, Lifou, 3–10 m, Nov. 18, 2000, coll. LIFOU 2000: 1 ♀: 8.5 mm cl (MNHN­Hi 262).

Japan: Miyanohama Beach, Chichi­Jima Island, 3 m, May 1, 1996, coll. H. Tachikawa: 1 Ƌ, 6.8 mm cl ( CBM­ZC)

Society Islands: Moorea, 1997, coll. MU­ SORSTOM 9: 1 Ƌ, 9.2 mm cl (MNHN­Hi 250).

Marquises Islands: Sta. 24, Côte northwest of Baie Haahue, Île Ua Huka, 08°53.6̍S, 139°37̍W, 9–25 m, Oct. 1997,

coll. R. Von Cosel, J. Tröndle´, and J. Tardy: 1 Ƌ, 4.8 mm cl, 1 ♀, 5.2 mm cl ( AMNH 17818), 1 Ƌ, 4.6 mm cl, 1 ♀, 5.4 mm cl ( USNM 260951), 7 Ƌ (3 unmeasurable), 3.9–4.8 mm cl, 3 ♀ (2 unmeasurable), 4.4 mm cl, 4 megalopae, 3.2–3.7 mm cl (MNHN­Hi 244); Sta. 24bis, Baie Haahue, Ua Huka, 08°53.6̍S, 139°37.0̍W, 25–34 m, Oct. 1997, coll. R. Von Cosel, J. Tröndle´, and J. Tardy: 1 Ƌ, 6.8 mm cl (MNHN­Hi 245); Sta. 31, 08°56.1̍S, 139°32.7̍W, Côte south of Baie Hiniaehi, Ua Huka, 4–7 m, Oct. 1997, coll. R. Von Cosel, J. Tröndle´, and J. Tardy: 1 ♀, 5.9 mm cl, 1 juvenile, 3.9 mm cl, 1 megalopa, 4.0 mm cl (MNHN­Hi 258); Sta. 31, 08°56.1̍S, 139°32.7̍W, Côte south of Baie Hiniaehi, Ua Huka, 4–7 m, Oct. 7, 1997, coll. R. Von Cosel, J. Tröndle´, and J. Tardy: 2 Ƌ, 4.4–6.8 mm cl (MNHN­Hi 259); Sta. 32, Côte south of Baie Hiniaehi, Ua Huka, 08°56.1̍S, 139°32.7̍W, 12–17 m, Oct. 1997, coll. R. Von Cosel, J. Tröndle´, and J. Tardy: 3 Ƌ, 4.1–7.0 mm cl, 3 ♀, 4.4–7.2 mm cl, 1 oviger, 6.8 mm cl, 5 juveniles, 3.2–4.0 mm cl (MNHN­Hi 246); Sta. 34, Baie Haavei, Pointe Tenoni, Île Teuaua, Ua Huka, 08°56.8̍S, 139°35.7̍W, 10–15 m, Oct. 1997, coll. R. Von Cosel, J. Tröndle´, and J. Tardy: 1 ♀, 6.7 mm cl (MNHN­Hi 247).

USA: Hawaii: ‘‘ Kirk,’’ Oahu, May 27, 1938, coll. unknown: 1 Ƌ, 9.0 mm cl, neotype ( USNM 260868 ), 2 Ƌ, 9.5–10.4 mm cl, 1 ♀, 14.0 mm cl ( USNM 287087 ) ; Honolulu Harbor, Oahu, Dec. 1916, coll. E. M. Ehrhon: 2 Ƌ, 6.4–9.9 mm cl, 1 ♀, 7.3 mm cl ( CASIZ 109240 ) ; Kailua, Oahu, March 1938, coll. unknown: 1 Ƌ, 10.1 mm cl ( BPBM S11781 ) ; Halonu Blow Hole dive site, south shore, Oahu, 10.7 m, Aug. 3, 1997, coll. R. Holcom: 1 ♀, 6.6 mm cl, 1 unsexable, unmeasurable specimen ( QM W22284) ; Halonu Blow Hole dive site, south shore, Oahu, 12.2–13.7 m, April 4, 1997, coll. R. Holcom: 2 Ƌ, 6.4–7.1 mm cl, 3 ♀, 5.7–9.5 mm cl, 6 juveniles, 3.3–4.1 mm cl ( QM W22285) ; Oahu, April 1997, coll. R. Holcom: 2 ovigers, 7.5 mm cl ( QM W22286) ; ‘‘ Hawaii,’’ 1897, coll. C. M. Cook: 1 ♀, 10.0 mm cl ( YPM 21133) .

No Data: 2 ♀, 11.7–13.1 mm cl ( MNHN­ Hi 175).

DIAGNOSIS: Carapace slightly longer than wide, covered with strongly setose grooves. Anterior margin with 13–17 spines on either side of ocular sinus. Setal field with narrow lateral elements and concave anterior margin; posterior lateral elements extending to posterior lateral elements of CG1. CG1 with separate posterior lateral elements but with anterior and posterior elements united by posterior elements of setal field; CG4 with two or three short, anteriorly displaced, medial elements; CG5 entire, nearly reaching margins of CG6; CG6 and CG7 separate; CG8 with one or two median elements separated from lateral elements; CG11 present. Rostrum reaching just beyond proximal margin of ocular plate. Ocular plate subquadrate. Distal peduncular segments dorsoventrally flattened and elongate, rounded at tip, approximate along mesial margins; lateral margins concave; mesial margins straight. Cornea at tip of distal peduncular segment. Antennule with 48–53 flagellar exopodal and two endopodal articles. Antenna with five or six flagellar articles; acute spine on dorsolateral surface of peduncle segment I. Dactyli of pereopods II and III with heels low and smoothly rounded. Coxa of pereopod III of males with small pore. Telson of male spatulate, laterally expanded, dorsoventrally flattened; produced slightly at tip. Telson of female flattened, rounded at tip.

DESCRIPTION: Carapace (fig. 75A) slightly wider than long. Anterior margin concave on either side of ocular sinus, becoming convex laterally, with 10–12 large and three or four small spines along length. Rostrum as small acute tooth, reaching just beyond proximal margin of ocular plate. Ocular sinus smoothly concave and unarmed. Frontal region smooth; setal field broad posteriorly, narrowing anteriorly, with narrow anterior lateral elements and concave anterior margin; posterior lateral elements reaching to posterior lateral elements of CG1. CG1 parallel to anterior margin of carapace, sinuous, slightly crenulate, divided into medial fragment and curved posteriorly displaced lateral elements, but with medial and lateral elements connected by posterior lateral elements of setal field. Mesogastric region smooth; CG2 short, with one or two elements; CG3 broken into two longer lateral elements and one to three short medial elements; CG4 with two or three short medial elements displaced ante­ riorly with gap at midline between short elements. Hepatic region smooth, with long setose groove at median of lateral margin. Epibranchial region generally triangular, smooth; posterolateral margin with three short rows of setae. Metagastric region smooth; CG5 ranging from entire to four segments, nearly reaching margins of CG6. CG6 strongly crenulate, strongly anteriorly concave medially and sloping out to anteriorly convex lateral thirds. CG7 nearly straight relative to anterior margin of carapace and separate from CG6. Cardiac region smooth; CG8 with one or two median elements separated from lateral elements. CG9 present as two lateral grooves with short gap at midline. CG10 present as two curved lateral fragments, with gap between fragments approximately one­half length of single fragment. CG11 present. Branchial region with numerous short, transverse rows of setae. Posterior margin deeply and evenly convex, with submarginal groove reaching approximately half way up either side of posterior concavity. Branchiostegite with short anteri­ or submarginal spine; anterior region with scattered, short, transverse lines ventral to linea anomurica; with many short rows of setae and sparsely covered with long plumose setae ventrally; posterior region membranous with numerous irregular fragments and sparsely covered with long plumose setae.

Ocular plate (fig. 75B) subquadrate, with shallow median indentation; median peduncular segments reduced to small rounded calcified areas on either side of ocular plate. Distal peduncular segments elongate, with distally concave lateral margins, tapering to rounded distal corneas; mesial margins approximated along entire length; mesial and ventral margins with sparse row of long plumose setae; tuft of plumose setae at proximal lateral ventral angle; ocular plate covered in long plumose setae.

Antennule (fig. 75C) with segment III narrow proximally, expanding distally to two times proximal width; with plumose setae on dorsal and ventral margins; dorsal exopodal flagellum with 48–53 articles, long plumose setae on dorsal and ventral margins; ventral endopodal flagellum short with two articles and plumose setae on dorsal and ventral mar­ gins. Segment II medially inflated in dorsal view, with plumose setae on dorsal and ventral margins, and scattered on ventrolateral third of surface. Segment I wider than long, unarmed; dorsal third of lateral surface ru­ gose with long plumose setae; long plumose setae on dorsal and ventral margins.

Antenna (fig. 75D) with segment V approximately three times longer than wide, with long plumose setae on dorsal and ven­ tral margins; flagellum with five or six articles, long plumose setae on dorsal, ventral, and distal margins. Segment IV expanded distally, with long plumose setae on dorsal, ventral, and distal margins, and row of setae on dorsolateral margin. Segment III with long plumose setae on ventral margin. Segment II short, widening distally, with plumose setae on margins; antennal acicle long, thin, not exceeding distal margin of segment IV, with long plumose setae on dorsal margin. Segment I rounded proximally, flattened ventrolaterally, with long plumose setae on margins; lateral surface with acute spine dorsally, with low semicircular dorsolateral lobe ventrodistal to spine; segment with ventromesial antennal gland pore.

Mandible (fig. 75E) incisor process with one tooth; cutting edge with one tooth. Palp three­segmented, with plumose setae on margins and long, thick, simple setae arising from bend in second segment.

Maxillule (fig. 75F) distal endite proximally narrow, widening to inflated distal end, with thick simple setae on distal margin. Proximal endite with thick simple setae on distal margin. Endopodal external lobe truncate distally and curled under; internal lobe reduced with three thick setae at distolateral margin.

Maxilla (fig. 75G) exopod evenly rounded, with plumose setae along distal margin. Scaphognathite bluntly angled on posterior lobe, with plumose setae.

Maxilliped I (fig. 75H) epipod with plumose setae on distal margin and on distolateral surface. Endite tapered distally and subequal to first segment of exopod. Exopod with two segments: proximal segment narrow, margins parallel, margins with plumose setae; distal segment spatulate, approximately as long as wide, broadest medially, margins with long plumose setae. Endopod flattened and elongate, reaching to distal end of proximal exopodal segment, with plumose setae on margins.

Maxilliped II (fig. 75I) dactylus evenly rounded, length equal to width, with thick simple setae distally. Propodus one­half wid­ er than long, with plumose setae on dorsal margin and long simple setae on distal margin. Carpus not strongly produced dorsodistally, approximately two times longer than wide, with long simple setae on dorsal margin. Merus approximately three times longer than wide, margins parallel, with simple setae on ventrolateral margin and plumose setae on dorsolateral margin. Basis­ischium incompletely fused, with plumose setae on margins. Exopod one­fourth longer than merus, flagellum with one article.

Maxilliped III (fig. 75J) dactylus evenly rounded; with long plumose setae on margins and lateral surface. Propodus with longitudinal median row of plumose setae on lateral surface; margins with plumose setae. Carpus slightly produced onto propodus; lateral surface with row of plumose setae ventromedially; plumose setae on margins. Merus unarmed, with plumose setae on margins. Basis­ischium incompletely fused, without crista dentata. Exopod two­segmented: proximal segment small; distal segment styliform, tapering, approximately one­third length of merus, with plumose setae on margins; without flagellum.

Pereopod I (fig. 76A) dactylus curved and tapering; lateral and mesial surfaces smooth; dorsal margin with long plumose and short simple setae; ventral margin with short simple setae. Propodal lateral surface with numerous short, transverse rows of setose rugae; dorsal margin unarmed; ventral margin distally produced into acute spine; cutting edge lacking teeth, lined with long plumose setae; dorsal margin with long plumose setae, ventral margin with short simple setae. Carpus with dorsodistal angle produced into strong corneous­tipped spine, dorsal margin with few large and small spines posteriorly along distal third; dorsal and distal margins with long plumose setae; lateral surface with small distal rugose area, with few transverse setose ridges on distal half of surface; mesial surface smooth with few scattered rows of long plumose setae, margins with long plumose setae. Merus unarmed; lateral surface with scattered transverse rows of long plumose setae, margins with long plumose setae; mesial surface with few short rows of setae; proximal quarter of mesial surface with decalcified window. Basis­ischium incompletely fused, unarmed. Coxa unarmed.

Pereopod II (fig. 76B) with dactylus smooth; with base to heel straight, heel smoothly rounded, heel to tip with rounded, broad indent, tip acute, tip to base broadly convex; lateral surface smooth, with several small tufts of short setae in generally straight line across medioproximal surface, several widely spaced submarginal tufts of short setae dorsodistally; mesial surface smooth, ventral margin with long plumose setae, dorsal margin with short simple setae and patch of long plumose setae at base. Propodus with dorsal surface smooth, ventral margin inflat­ ed and rounded; oblique row of long plumose setae on distal margin of lateral sur­ face; distal and ventral margins with long plumose setae; dorsolateral surface as narrow, oblique, flattened shelf, with short setae on dorsal margin and long plumose setae on ventral margin; mesial surface with elevated, curved, setose ridge from ventral junction with dactylus almost to ventral proximal junction with carpus; decalcified region just distal to junction with carpus. Carpus slightly produced dorsodistally; lateral surface nearly smooth, with irregular, interrupted row of rugae and submarginal elevated ridge ventrally, rugae and ridge with long plumose setae; dorsodistal projection with mat of short setae on lateral surface; margins with long plumose setae; mesial surface smooth, with long plumose setae in scattered patches on surface and on margins. Merus with few scattered setae on lateral surface and margins; mesial surface nearly smooth, with few setae and decalcified area on proximal fourth near junction with basis­ischium. Basis­ischium incompletely fused and unarmed. Coxa with one small spine on anterior margin.

Pereopod III (fig. 76C) dactylus with base to heel straight, heel broadly rounded and low, heel to tip with broad, evenly rounded indent, tip acute, tip to base smoothly convex to straight; lateral surface smooth, with several small tufts of short setae in generally straight line across medioproximal surface, dorsodistal margin with tufts of short setae; ventromesial margin with long plumose setae, dorsal margin with short simple and plumose setae; mesial surface smooth, with plumose setae proximally at junction with propodus. Propodus not inflated dorsoventrally; lateral surface smooth, with long plumose setae distally, simple setae on dorsal margin and long plumose setae on ventral margin; dorsolateral surface narrow, oblique, flattened; mesial surface with scattered long setae on and near distal margin, with decalcified window near junction with carpus. Carpus produced dorsodistally, exceeding proximal margin of propodus by approximately one­fourth length of propodus, pointed but not acute; dorsolateral margin unarmed; lateral surface slightly rugose dorsodistally, with mat of short setae and two longer rows of setae ventrally; mesial surface smooth, with long plumose setae on margins and scattered on surface. Merus smooth; dorsal and ventral margins unarmed, with long plumose setae; laterodistal margin with long plumose setae; mesial surface smooth, with decalcified window at junction with basis­ischium. Basis­ischium incompletely fused and unarmed. Coxa unarmed. Female with large gonopore on anterior mesial surface of coxa, surrounded with short plumose setae; male with small pore.

Pereopod IV (fig. 76D) dactylus with base to tip convex to concave, tip acute, tip to base straight distally, becoming convex prox­ imally; lateral surface smooth, ventral margin with long plumose setae, dorsal margin with short simple setae; mesial surface with dorsal decalcified region, demarcated ventrally by longitudinal elevated ridge with row of short setae; with setose punctae ventral to decalcified window. Propodus expanded dorsally and ventrally; ventral expansion exceeds ventral margin of dactylus, margin with long plumose setae; dorsal expansion with row of long plumose setae medially; lateral and mesial surfaces smooth. Carpus not produced dorsodistally; lateral and mesial surfaces smooth; dorsal margin with short simple and long plumose setae; ventral margin with short simple setae. Merus with scattered short transverse rows of setae on lateral surface, dorsal and ventrodistal margins with long plumose setae; mesial surface with large decalcified window proximoventrally. Basisischium incompletely fused and unarmed. Coxa unarmed.

Abdomen (fig. 76E) with somite I approximately as long as wide, widest posteriorly; dorsal surface with anterior margin straight; posterior margin straight, with elevated submarginal row of short setae; small transverse decalcified windows laterad of segment median. Somite II dorsal surface with submarginal transverse ridge anteriorly; with small transverse decalcified windows laterad of segment median just anterior to submarginal ridge; with tuft of setae at posterolateral angle, extending onto pleuron posteromesially; posterior margin with indistinct, punctate, submarginal groove laterally; pleura expand­ ed and directed slightly anteriorly; lateral margins rounded, anterior and lateral margins with long plumose setae, posterior margin with short setae. Somite III similar to somite II, but narrower, shorter, and lacking anterior submarginal ridge; small tuft of short thick setae on posterolateral angle; pleura thinner and shorter than on somite II, direct­ ed anterolaterally, with setae as in somite II; anterolateral angle acute; dorsal surface obliquely flattened anterolaterally. Somite IV similar to somite III, but thinner and shorter; dorsal surface with thick setae posterolaterally; pleura thinner and shorter than on somite III, directed posterolaterally; dorsal surface obliquely flattened anterolaterally; margin with long plumose setae. Somite V wider than somite IV; lateral margins with plumose setae; pleura absent. Somite VI subequal to somite V in width but longer; dorsal surface with short transverse rows of setae laterad of midline anteriorly; lateral margins with long plumose setae; pleura absent.

Females with uniramous, paired pleopods on somites II–V; males without pleopods.

Telson of male (fig. 76F) spatulate, length subequal to width, produced into short rounded tip distally; weakly calcified except for large triangular anterior plate; median longitudinal groove long, extending to distal end of calcified plate, lined with long thin, simple setae; calcified plate slightly elevated medially but without ridge. Telson of female (fig. 76G) ovate, longer than wide, broadly triangular, dorsal surface smooth, with median longitudinal groove anteriorly; with row of setose punctae lateral to midline from median of longitudinal groove to distal end of groove; margins with long plumose setae.

DISTRIBUTION: From Madagascar eastward to the Marquises Islands and Hawaii, in 3.0– 34 m depth.

MAXIMUM SIZE: Males: 10.4 mm cl; females, 14.0 mm cl.

TYPE SPECIMENS: USNM 260868 (neotype of A. speciosa , selected by Boyko, 1999); holotype and 18 paratypes of A. madagascariensis in the private collection of B. Thomassin and not deposited in MNHN as stated by Thomassin (1973).

TYPE LOCALITIES: ‘‘ Kirk ,’’ Oahu, Hawaii, USA ( A. speciosa ) ; Grand Récif de Tulear , Madagascar ( A. madagascariensis ) .

REMARKS: This species was redescribed and all known aspects of its biology discussed by Boyko (1999). Discovery of specimens of A. speciosa in the southern Pacific islands supports a southwest to northeast dispersal pattern for this species from its presumed western Indo­Pacific origin towards Hawaii, the type locality and easternmost part of its range (see Boyko, 1999).

Because specimens of Albunea speciosa were identified from several localities outside of Hawaii, Boyko (1999) suggested that the similar A. madagascariensis might be a junior synonym. This synonymy was actually first suggested, but also not formally proposed, by Serène (1977) in a publication that escaped the notice of later authors. Subse­ quently, Boyko (2000a) reported the discovery of additional specimens of A. speciosa from the Marquises Islands with identical banding patterns as seen in specimens of A. madagascariensis . In addition, it is herein reported that A. Milne Edwards’ (1862) specimen of ‘‘ Albunea symnista ’’ [sic] from Réunion is actually the oldest record of A. speciosa from outside Hawaii (this record was repeated by Hoffman, 1874). Unfortunately, Thomassin’s (1973) type specimens have never been deposited in any museum, and all attempts to obtain them have proved unsuccessful. In spite of this, it is clear from the morphological similarities between the two taxa (discussed in detail by Boyko, 1999), the discovery of similar banding patterns on individuals from widely separated localities, and the proximity of Réunion to Madagascar, that Thomassin’s (1973) Albunea madagascariensis is a junior synonym of A. speciosa .

Little is known about the biology of this species other than the few records of ovigerous females as herein reported from April, September, and October. The Japanese male has a large sperm ribbon between the gonopores of the fifth pereopods. Several A. speciosa specimens ( QM W22285) were collected together with the holotype of Albunea danai , but it is not known if the two species are typically sympatric in Hawaii. The coloration of this species is off­white with whitish setae, both in life (from color transparencies) and in preservative.

The fusion of CG1 is a character that unites this species with two fossil taxa: A. cuisiana Beschin and De Angeli and A. hahnae Blow and Manning. This character is otherwise unknown in the genus Albunea , but fused CG1 elements are found in other albuneid genera of both subfamilies (e.g., Lepidopa , Stemonopa ). It appears that A. speciosa , A. cuisiana , and A. hahnae form a clade that is sister to all the other species of Albunea . Because two of the three taxa in this clade are fossil, and therefore known from only limited characters, and because A. speciosa shares so many other characters with all other Albunea species , it is inadvisable to erect a genus at this time based on these three species alone. Albunea speciosa can easily be separated from all of the other Recent species of Albunea by the concave shape of the lateral margins of the distal peduncular segments.

Albunea hahnae Blow and Manning, 1996 Figure 77

Albunea hahnae Blow and Manning, 1996: 4 , pl. 1, fig. 2*.

MATERIAL EXAMINED: USA: South Carolina: USGS 26882, Santee Limestone, M. M. Berkeley Quarry, Berkeley Co., coll. unknown: 1 carapace, 16.6 mm cl, holotype ( USNM 484530).

DIAGNOSIS: Carapace longer than wide, covered with crenulate grooves. Anterior margin with six or seven spines on either side of ocular sinus. Setal field with thick lateral elements and concave anterior margin. CG1 with fused posterior lateral elements; CG4 with two short medial elements between longer supralateral elements of CG4; CG5 present as two triangular elements; CG6 and CG7 fused; CG8 complete; CG11 present. Rostrum present.

DESCRIPTION: Carapace (fig. 77A) slightly longer than wide. Anterior margin slightly concave on either side of ocular sinus, becoming convex laterally, with several spines (six or seven visible) along length. Rostrum as small acute tooth. Ocular sinus smoothly concave and unarmed. Frontal region smooth; setal field narrow anteriorly and widening posteriorly; posterior lateral elements reduced to narrow bands of setae. CG1 parallel to anterior margin of carapace, sinuous, strongly crenulate, medial fragment and curved posterior lateral elements united. Mesogastric region smooth; CG2 absent; CG3 broken into four short elements between posterior lateral elements of CG1; CG4 with two short medial elements between longer supralateral elements of CG4. Hepatic region smooth, with oblique setose groove at median of lateral margin. Epibranchial region generally triangular, smooth; posterolateral margin with three short rows of setae. Metagastric region smooth; CG5 present as two triangular elements anteriorly displaced and overlapping CG4. CG6 strongly crenulate, strongly anteriorly concave medially and sloping out to anteriorly convex lateral thirds. CG7 oblique, united with lateral margins of median segment of CG6. Cardiac region smooth; CG8 present as one long element. CG9 present as two short lateral grooves with gap at midline. CG10 present as two long lateral elements, with gap between fragments. CG11 present as short medial element. Post­CG11 element present.

DISTRIBUTION: Known only the type locality.

TYPE SPECIMEN: USNM 484530 (holotype).

TYPE LOCALITY: USGS 26882, Santee Limestone, M. M. Berkeley Quarry, Berkeley Co., South Carolina, USA.

REMARKS: Blow and Manning (1996) correctly noted that this taxon is most similar to A. cuisiana . Of the extant taxa, it is most similar to A. speciosa , but differs in a number of characters including length of distolateral submarginal groove and fusion of CG6 and CG7.

Albunea cuisiana Beschin and De Angeli, 1984 Figure 78

Albunea cuisiana Beschin and De Angeli, 1984: 97–99 , pl. 1, figs. 1, 1a, pl. 2, figs. 1, 1b*. – De Angeli, 1998: 17–18, fig. 1(2).

MATERIAL EXAMINED: Italy: Middle Eocene, Valle del Chiampo, Eastern Lessini, coll. unknown: 1 carapace, 21.1 mm cl, holotype (calco­mold of MCSNV 10439).

DIAGNOSIS: Carapace as long as wide, covered with crenulate grooves. Anterior margin with few spines on either side of ocular sinus. Setal field with thin lateral elements and produced anterior margin. CG1 with fused posterior lateral elements; CG4 with three or four short, anteriorly displaced, medial elements between longer supralateral elements; CG5 present as two medial elements; CG6 and CG7 fused; CG8 broken; CG11 present. Rostrum present. Pereopod I dactylus dorsal margin smooth; carpus dorsal margin smooth.

DESCRIPTION: Carapace (fig. 78A) approximately as wide as long. Anterior margin slightly concave on either side of ocular sinus, becoming convex laterally with large spines along length. Rostrum as small acute tooth. Ocular sinus smoothly concave and unarmed. Frontal region smooth; setal field narrow anteriorly and widening posteriorly; posterior lateral elements reduced to narrow bands of punctations. CG1 parallel to anterior margin of carapace, sinuous, strongly crenulate, divided into medial fragment and curved, posteriorly displaced, lateral elements. Mesogastric region smooth; CG2 present as one or two short medial elements; CG3 broken into one to three short and two long elements between posterior lateral elements of CG1; CG4 with two or three short, anteriorly displaced, medial elements between longer supralateral elements. Hepatic region smooth, with oblique setose groove at median of lateral margin. Epibranchial region generally triangular, smooth. Metagastric region smooth; CG5 present as two medial elements. CG6 strongly crenulate, strongly anteriorly concave medially and sloping out to anteriorly convex lateral thirds. CG7 oblique, united with lateral margins of median segment of CG6. Cardiac region smooth; CG8 present as one long and two short elements; short elements displaced slightly anteriorly. CG9 present as five short elements alternating between anterior and posterior displacement. CG10 present as two long lateral elements, with two short elements between. CG11 present as two short elements. Post­CG11 element(s) present. Branchial region with numerous short, transverse rows of setae. Posterior margin deeply and evenly convex.

Pereopod I (fig. 78B) subchelate. Dactylus curved and tapering; lateral and mesial surfaces smooth. Propodal lateral surface with numerous short, transverse rows of setose rugae; dorsal margin unarmed; ventral margin distally produced into acute spine (broken); cutting edge lacking teeth. Carpus with dorsodistal angle apparently not produced into strong corneous­tipped spine; lateral surface with transverse ridges on distal two­thirds of surface.

DISTRIBUTION: Known from the type locality as well as Cava ‘‘Lovara’’ and Cava ‘‘Boschetto’’ di Chiampo in Italy ( De Angeli, 1998: 18).

TYPE SPECIMENS: MCSNV 10439 (holotype), De Angeli Collection (paratype), private collection (paratype).

TYPE LOCALITY: Middle Eocene, Valle del Chiampo, Eastern Lessini, Italy.

REMARKS: Because accurate generic placement of a species depends on a number of characters obtained from many morphological structures, it is always difficult to place fossil species, especially when they are known from fragmentary material. In the case of Albunea cuisiana , it is fortunate that the carapace is well preserved and that additional parts of the animal (part of pereopod I, part of abdomen) are known. I was able to directly examine a ‘‘calco­mold’’ of the holotype specimen carapace, but could not examine the pereopod I, abdomen, or other parts illustrated by Beschin and De Angeli (1984). Based on all available evidence this species appears to be closest to the fossil taxon A. hahnae Blow and Manning. It shares with that species a similar arrangement of CG6 and CG7 (fused) and numerous short grooves on the posterior hepatic region, many more than are typical of other species of Albunea . Both A. cuisiana and A. hahnae possess fused anterior and posterior elements of CG1, and a contiguous setal field paralleling this groove. This is marked contrast to all other species of Albunea (except A. speciosa ) where CG1 is separated into distinct anterior and posterior elements.

Figures

Fig. 75. Albunea speciosa Dana, 1852: A, Ƌ, 9.0 mm cl, USNM 260868, neotype; B–J, Ƌ, 10.4 mm cl, USNM 287087. A. Carapace, branchiostegite, and ocular peduncles, dorsal view. B. Ocular peduncles, dorsal view. C. Left antennule, lateral view. D. Left antenna, lateral view. E. Left mandible; mesial view. F. Left maxillule, lateral view. G. Right maxilla, lateral view. H. Left maxilliped I, lateral view. I. Right maxilliped II, lateral view. J. Left maxilliped III, lateral view. Scale = 1.6 mm (B, E, F), 2.2 mm (I), and 3.3 mm (A, C, D, G, H, J).

Fig. 76. Albunea speciosa Dana, 1852: A–E, Ƌ, 10.4 mm cl, USNM 287087; F, Ƌ, 9.0 mm cl, USNM 260868, neotype; G, ♀, 14 mm cl, USNM 287087. A. Right pereopod I, lateral view. B. Right pereopod II, lateral view. C. Right pereopod III, lateral view. D. Right pereopod IV, lateral view. E. Abdominal somites I–VI, dorsal view. F. Telson of Ƌ, dorsal view. G. Telson of ♀, dorsal view. Scale = 3.0 mm (F, G), 4.0 mm (A–D), and 4.2 mm (E).

Fig. 77. Albunea hahnae Blow and Manning, 1996: A, 16.6 mm cl, USNM 484530, holotype. A. Carapace, dorsal view. Scale = 5.3 mm.

Fig. 78. Albunea cuisiana Beschin and De Angeli, 1984: A, 21.1 mm cl, MCSNV 10439, holotype; B, MCSNV, paratype. A. Carapace, dorsal view. B. Right pereopod I dactylus, propodus, and carpus, lateral view. Scale = 8.6 mm.