Sus scrofa Linnaeus 1758

Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn, 2005, Order Artiodactyla, Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 637-722 : 641

Sus scrofa Linnaeus 1758

Sus scrofa Linnaeus 1758 , Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1: 49 .

Type Locality: "Habitat in Europa australiore"; shown to be Germany, from where wild boar had been introduced to Sweden, Oeland ( Thomas, 1911 a:140) .

Vernacular Names: Wild Boar.

Synonyms: Sus andamanensis Blyth 1858 ; Sus babi Miller 1906 ; Sus enganus Lyon 1916 ; Sus floresianus Jentink 1905 ; Sus natunensis Miller 1901 ; Sus nicobaricus Miller 1902 ; Sus tuancus Lyon 1916 ; Sus aruensis Rosenberg 1878 ; Sus ceramensis Rosenberg 1878 ; Sus goramensis De Beaux 1924 ; Sus niger Finsch 1886 ; Sus papuensis Lesson and Garnot 1826 ; Sus ternatensis Rolleston 1877 .

Subspecies: :

Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. scrofa Linnaeus 1758

Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. algira Loche 1867

Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. attila Thomas 1912

Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. cristatus Wagner 1839

Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. davidi Groves 1981

Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. leucomystax Temminck 1842

Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. libycus Gray 1868

Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. majori De Beaux and Festa 1927

Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. meridionalis Forsyth Major 1882

Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. moupinensis Milne-Edwards 1871

Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. nigripes Blanford 1875

Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. riukiuanus Kuroda 1924

Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. sibiricus Staffe 1922

Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. taivanus Swinhoe 1863

Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. ussuricus Heude 1888

Subspecies Sus scrofa subsp. vittatus Boie 1828

Distribution: N Africa in Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia; anciently introduced into Egypt and N Sudan where now absent. All states of mainland Europe east to Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, W Russia (European Russia and Caucasus Mtns), and Ukraine; extinct in Ireland, Scandinavia, and United Kingdom but reintroduced into England, S Finland, and S Sweden; anciently introduced into Corsica and Sardinia. In Asia present in Burma, Cambodia, China (but absent from Tibetan Plateau, Singkiang, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, and Ordos Plateau), India, Indonesia (Sumatra, Java east to Bali and Sumbawa Isls), Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan (including Riukiu Isls), W Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Laos, Malaysia (peninsular Malaya only), Mongolia, Pakistan, Russia (S Siberia and Soviet Far East), Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Vietnam. Widespread as feral populations in South Africa, Indonesia (Lesser Sunda Isls), Australia, USA, West Indies, Central and South America and numerous oceanic islands, including Andaman Isls and Mauritius (Indian Ocean) and Hawaiian, Galapagos and Fiji Isls (Pacific Ocean). Feral and domestic populations of Molucca Isls, New Guinea and Solomon Isls thought to originate from hybrids between scrofa and celebensis .

Conservation: IUCN – Vulnerable as S. s. riukiuanus, otherwise Lower Risk (lc).

Discussion: Revised by Genov (1999) and Groves (1981 a, 2003). Treatment of majori as a subspecies follows Randi et al. (1996). The species can be partitioned into the following divisions ( Genov, 1999; Groves and Grubb 1993): cristatus division (including also davidi), leucomystax division (including also moupinensis, riukiuanus, sibiricus, taivanus, and ussuricus), nominate scrofa division (including also algira, attila, libycus, majori, meridionalis, and nigripes), and vittatus division. For systematics, origin, and distribution of feral populations see Groves (1981 a), Lever (1985), Uerpmann (1987), and Vigne (1988). Hardjasasmita (1987) recognised floresianus , milleri and papuensis as subspecies, but Sus scrofa floresianus Jentink, 1905 is a junior secondary homonym of Microsus floresianus Heude, 1899 , a subspecies of Sus celebensis . Corbet and Hill (1992) listed the domestic pig as a separate species, Sus domesticus , from Sus scrofa on grounds of utility.