Sphenarium

Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón, Song, Hojun, Oyama, Ken, González-Rodríguez, Antonio & Castillo, Raúl Cueva Del, 2017, Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in neotropical grasshoppers: taxonomy, phylogenetics, and evolution of the genus Sphenarium Charpentier, 1842 (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae), Zootaxa 4274 (1), pp. 1-86 : 67

Key to Sphenarium species

1. Tegmina spatula-like, wider in the apex than in the base ( Fig. 4 G)............................................... 2

- Tegmina strap-like, as wide in the apex as in the base ( Fig. 4 H)................................................ 12

2. Ectophallus in posterior view without sclerotized hollow in the inner-central portion of the sheath (e.g. Fig. 10 B, arrow). Endophallus in lateral view with short to very long aedeagal valves and elongated pseudoarch loosely joined to the valves of cingulum (e.g. Fig. 10 A-III, arrow)....................................................................... 3

- Ectophallus in posterior with a conspicuous sclerotized hollow in the sheath (e.g. Fig. 16 E, arrow). Endophallus in lateral view always with short aedeagal valves and short pseudoarch tightly joined to the valves of cingulum (e.g. Fig. 16 D-III, arrow)..................................................................................................... 11

3. Aedeagal valves with an apical spine in lateral view of endophallus (e.g. Fig. 10 C, arrow)............................ 4

- Aedeagal valves without apical spine in lateral view of endophallus (e.g. Fig. 12 F, arrow)........................... 6

4. Ectophallus in dorsal view with lateral borders of ramus strongly concave (e.g. Fig. 10 A-II, arrow). Apical spine of aedeagus slightly longer or shorter than the base of aedeagal sclerites. Widely distributed from the southern Altiplano to the Sierra Madre del Sur in central and southern Mexico ( Fig. 7 A).......................................... S. purpurascens

- Ectophallus in dorsal view with lateral borders of ramus convergent slightly rounded (e.g. Fig. 10 J-II, arrow)............. 5

5. Ectophallus in posterior view with inflections of supraramus reduced or not developed laterally and valves cingulum tonguelike ( Fig. 10 K). Apical spine of aedeagus as long or shorter than the base endophallic apodemes ( Fig. 10 J-III). Restricted to outer slope of the Sierra Madre del Sur in southern Mexico ( Fig. 7 C)............................... S. zapotecum sp.n.

- Ectophallus in posterior view with inflections of supraramus moderately developed laterally; valves of cingulum triangular to

Figures

FIGURE 4. External morphologic characters of Sphenarium and Prosphena: antennae filiform (A) or weakly ensiform (B); head subtriangular-compresed (C), subtriangular-elongated (D) or conical (E, F); tegmina spatula-like (G), strap-like (H) or tongue-like (I); subgenital plate of males tapered (J) or rounded moderately (K) or notably (L) developed posteriorly; dorsal ovipositor valves rounded (M), moderately lanceolate (N) or notably elongated (O).

FIGURE 7. Geographic distribution of Sphenarium species. Numbers within parenthesis in front of taxa names indicate the number of identified morphotype within the species. White surrounded areas and upper case abbreviations denote the Mexican biogeographic provinces. AC, Altos de Chiapas; AL, Altiplano Sur; BRB, Balsas River Basin; GMC, Gulf of Mexico Coast; MVB, Mexican Volcanic Belt; PC, Pacific Coast; SMOC, Sierra Madre Occidental; SMOR, Sierra Madre Oriental; SMS, Sierra Madre Sur; SO, Soconusco; and SOX, Sierra de Oaxaca.

FIGURE 10. Male genital structures of S. purpurascens: morphotype 1 (A – C), morphotype 2 (D – F), morphotype 3 (G – I); and S. zapotecum sp. n. holotype (J – l). For all taxa left squares show epiphallus (I) and ectophallus (II) in dorsal view, and endophallus in lateral view (III); meddle squares show ectophallus in posterior view; and right squares show a close up of ectophallus in lateral view (Scale bars = 1 mm).

FIGURE 12. Male genital structures of S. tarascum sp. n. holotype (A – C); S. planum (D – F); S. macrophallicum paratype # 234 (G – I); and S. minimum (J – L). For all taxa left squares show epiphallus (I) and ectophallus (II) in dorsal view, and endophallus in lateral view (III); meddle squares show ectophallus in posterior view; and right squares show a close up of ectophallus in lateral view (Scale bars = 1 mm).

FIGURE 16. Male genital structures of S. crypticum sp. n. holotype (A – C); S. borrei (D – F); S. variabile: morphotype 1 paratype # 234 (G – I) and morphotype 2 (J – l). For all taxa left squares show epiphallus (I) and ectophallus (II) in dorsal view, and endophallus in lateral view (III); meddle squares show ectophallus in posterior view; and right squares show a close up of ectophallus in lateral view (Scale bars = 1 mm).