Sphenarium planum Bruner, 1906

Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón, Song, Hojun, Oyama, Ken, González-Rodríguez, Antonio & Castillo, Raúl Cueva Del, 2017, Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in neotropical grasshoppers: taxonomy, phylogenetics, and evolution of the genus Sphenarium Charpentier, 1842 (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae), Zootaxa 4274 (1), pp. 1-86 : 32-33

publication ID

https://doi.org/ 10.5281/zenodo.804182

publication LSID

lsid:zoobank.org:pub:27748C60-F64A-4E2C-B5CD-8DB413480DF4

DOI

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6029378

persistent identifier

https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A12C6E25-AC18-3B48-2CBE-D4CAFE1BA80B

treatment provided by

Plazi

scientific name

Sphenarium planum Bruner, 1906
status

 

Sphenarium planum Bruner, 1906 View in CoL

(http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera .speciesfile.org:TaxonName:36998)

Description. External morphology ( Figs. 8 View FIGURE 8 C, D; 9K, L): total body length ranging from 21.30 to 29.04 mm in females and 18.29 to 26.24 mm in males; antennae filiform, notably shorter in females or slightly longer than head and pronotum together in males; head subtriangular-compressed, wider than long with spherical eyes in females or subtriangular-elongated moderately longer than wide with oval eyes in males; fastigium notably reduced, less than a half the length of interocular space in females or moderately elongated, nearly half the length of interocular space in males; tegmina spatula-like in both sexes; subgenital plate of males rounded, moderately developed posteriorly; dorsal ovipositor valves lanceolate, moderately elongated towards the apex. Male genitalia: bridge of epiphallus as long as the length of lateral plates in most cases ( Fig. 12 View FIGURE 12 D-I). Ectophallus in dorsal view ( Fig. 12 View FIGURE 12 D-II) with lateral borders of ramus convergent slightly rounded; basal emargination of cingulum notably reduced; interspace between apodemal plates of cingulum widely open. Ectophallus in posterior view ( Fig. 12 View FIGURE 12 E) without a conspicuous sclerotized hollow in the sheath; inflections of supraramus reduced; ramus of cingulum distinctly developed ventrally; valves of cingulum with unique form notably developed posteriorly ( Fig. 12 View FIGURE 12 F). In lateral view of endophallus (12D-III) pseudoarch elongated loosely joined to the valves of cingulum; aedeagal valves slender, long, with smooth ventral margins and moderately rounded in the apex without apical spine; aedeagal valves and sclerites together about 2 ½ fold the length of endophallic apodemes.

Colouration. Ground colours vary from green, beige, brown or grey, yellow or brown. Body uniformly coloured ( Fig. 9 View FIGURE 9 L) or with the following colour traits: antennae often yellow; fastigium frequently brownish to reddish; lateral postocular bands yellow; dorsomedial line frequently absent, if present very narrow, restricted almost entirely to the abdomen and yellowish; dorsal shades black, grey or brown, frequently less evident in head and pronotum; lateral shades frequently absent, if present very narrow and restricted to the head; lateral bands of blotches sometimes evident and yellowish; ventral bands of pronotum if present yellowish, wide or narrow; mesonotum partially or entirely black; lateral blotches of 1st abdominal segment whitish; hind femora frequently with upper medial area dark green and lower medial area yellow; frequently knees of hind femora laterally black, dorsally brownish; frequently hind tibia yellow or brown.

Diagnosis. Externally this species closely resembles S. purpurascens and S. rugosum . Generally, females of S. planum have smaller antennae than any other of its congeners. Moreover, when present, the yellow colourations of the lateral bands of blotches and the medial area of the hind femora of S. planum distinguish it from S. purpurascens . On the other hand, the male genitalia of S. planum more closely resemble that of S. rugosum , and S. crypticum sp.n., which also lack the apical spine of aedeagus. However, S. planum differs from all these species by the following combination of male genital traits: lateral borders of ramus convergent slightly rounded, basal emargination of cingulum notably reduced with a wide open interspace between the apodemal plates of cingulum, inflections of supraramus reduced, ramus of cingulum is distinctly developed ventrally, aedeagal valves moderately rounded in the apex without apical spine, and aedeagal valves and sclerites relatively long and slender.

Distribution. This species is apparently restricted to the Tehuacan valley with sparse records in the surrounding mountain ranges of this valley in Puebla, Oaxaca and Veracruz, Mexico ( Fig. 7 View FIGURE 7 A) in elevations ranging from approximately 1200 to 2095 m a.s.l.

Material examined. Lectotype m ( Fig. 8 View FIGURE 8 C) and paralectotype f ( Fig. 8 View FIGURE 8 D) from Mexico: Puebla, Tehuacan, XI (L. Bruner); designation: Rehn and Hebard (1912); location: ANSP. We could examine only the external morphology of this type material. Additional material: 10 m, 10 f, from the type locality; 45 m, 16 f, from 12 adjacent localities (Appendix Table 5).

Taxonomic discussion. Bruner (1906) originally described this species from two syntypes (a male and female) erroneously specifying Tehuantepec as its type locality rather than Tehuacan as it is labelled in the type material. Bruner also recognised a close relationship between S. planum and S. purpurascens indicating that the former species differed from the latter in its more rotund form and in the absence of lateral carina of pronotum. However, these traits are ambiguous and variable within the genus. Posteriorly, Boyle (1974) identified differences in endophallic morphology between these two species, but he interpreted this differentiation as geographic variation of S. p. purpurascens and/or probable hybridization with S. p. minimum , recognising S. planum only as an intermediate form between these two later taxa. Previously, we proposed the re-establishment of S. planum as valid species mainly based on genetic evidence ( Sanabria-Urbán et al. 2015). In this study we found that S. planum shows a unique combination of male genitalia characters, a well-supported monophyly ( Fig. 2 View FIGURE 2 ), relatively high levels of interspecific genetic differentiation ( Table 3). All these lines of evidence support the recognition of S. planum as a valid species.

ANSP

Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Arthropoda

Class

Insecta

Order

Orthoptera

Family

Pyrgomorphidae

Genus

Sphenarium

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