Ptychoderes, sensu Schoenherr, 1833

Mermudes, José Ricardo M. & Napp, Dilma Solange, 2006, Revision and cladistic analysis of the genus: Ptychoderes Schoenherr, 1823 (Coleoptera, Anthribidae, Anthribinae, Ptychoderini), Zootaxa 1182 (1), pp. 1-130 : 20-24

Key to species of Ptychoderes

1 Pronotum rugose throughout ( Figs. 241–245, 247–249 ) ............................................. 2

­ Pronotum not rugose or rugae restricted to definite areas ( Figs. 246, 250 ) ............... 15

2 Rostrum, sides of the head, vertex and pronotum clothed with a pale vitta of dense, yellowish scales, reaching humeri ( Fig. 220 ). Pronotum convex with a weak median prominence ( Fig. 248 ). Mexico to Costa Rica........................ P. bivittatus Jordan, 1894

­ Dorsal vestiture otherwise ( Figs. 208–219 , 221–227 ). Pronotum with a central depression provided with a median tubercle ( Figs. 241–247, 249–250 ) ................................ 3

3 Elytra with prominent anteapical tubercles ................................................................. 4

­ Elytra either without or with poorly developed anteapical tubercles .......................... 7

4 Pale dorsal vitta with whitish scales intermingled with pale olivaceous­green scales (never light­brown). Colour of the sides of pronotum and epipleura weakly contrasting with dorsal vitta ( Figs. 221 ). Prosternal furrow shallow, sinuous, strongly curved in front of procoxae, with a subtriangular projection at middle not interrupting the furrow ( Fig. 260 ). Male ventrite I with a centered, developed setiferous sex patch. French Guiana, Colombia, Peru, Brazil (Amapá, Acre, Rondônia, Amazonas, Pará, Ceará, Mato Grosso, Goiás, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina) and Bolivia. ..................................................................................................... P. callosus Jekel, 1855

­ Pale dorsal vitta with whitish scales intermingled with light­brown scales (never green). Sides of pronotum and epipleura with a vitta of dense, dark­brown scales ( Figs. 217, 219 , 222 ). Prosternal furrow otherwise. Male ventrite I without setiferous sex patch; if present then never centered ..................................................................... 5

5 Elytra dorsally flattened, basal gibbosities and rugae almost inconspicuous ( Figs. 217 ). Male: antennal segments III – IX dorsally sulcate; ventrite I without setiferous sex patch. Peru, Brazil (Bahia, Pernambuco, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina), Bolivia and Paraguay............. P. depressus Jekel, 1855

­ Elytra subconvex, with basal gibbosities; surface conspicuously rugose from base to middle of elytra ( Figs. 219 , 222 ). Male: antennal segments cylindrical, not sulcate; ventrite I with setiferous sex patch .............................................................................. 6

6 Pale dorsal vitta contrasting with colour of sides ( Fig. 222 ). Rostrum with dense grayish­white scales. Antennal segment XI elongate. Prosternal furrow shallow, sinuous, with a tiny prosternal projection at middle ( Fig. 259 ). Male with a developed, setiferous sex patch near the intercoxal process ( Fig. 237 ). Mexico to Colombia.................. ................................................................................................ P. rugicollis Jordan, 1895

­ Pale dorsal vitta weakly contrasting with colour of sides ( Fig. 219 ). Rostrum with dense light­brown scales. Antennal segment XI short. Prosternal furrow deep, straight, without prosternal projection at middle (as in Fig. 253 ). Male with a minute setiferous sex patch near posterior margin ( Fig. 236 ). Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana, Brazil (Mato Grosso, Goiás, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul), Paraguay and Argentina........ ........................................................................................................ P. mixtus Jekel, 1855

7 Prosternal furrow shallow, narrow, sinuous with a minute prosternal projection at middle ( Fig. 257 ) ............................................................................................................... 8

­ Prosternal furrow very conspicuous, without middle projection ( Figs. 253, 254 )........ 9

8 Prothorax subparallel at sides, conspicuously longer than wide ( Figs. 211 , 243 ). Elytra with basal gibbosities almost inconspicuous; anteapical tubercles weakly prominent. Mesosternal process rounded at apex. Male antennae elongate, reaching elytral apices ( Fig. 211 ). Suriname, Colombia and Brazil (Mato Grosso) P. longicollis Jordan, 1894

­ Prothorax almost rounded at sides, conspicuously wider than long ( Figs. 208 , 241 ). E lytra with prominent basal gibbosities; anteapical tubercles absent. Mesosternal process acuminate at apex. Male antennae short, reaching humeri ( Fig. 208 ). French Guiana and Brazil (Mato Grosso) ................................................. P. crustatus Frieser, 1988

9 Prosternal furrow wide, anterior margin curved ( Fig. 253 ). Male: antennal segments IV – IX dorsally sulcate; rostrum weakly impressed at sides with vestigial carinae. Female: antennal segments IX –X conspicuously depressed. French Guiana, Brazil (Amapá, Rondônia, Amazonas, Pará , Mato Grosso) and Bolivia................................... ............................................................................................... P. virgatus Fåhraeus, 1839

­ Prosternal furrow narrow, anterior margin straight ( Fig. 254 ). Male: antennal segments not sulcate (or IX and X depressed); rostrum conspicuously carinated and impressed at sides. Female: antennal segments IX and X barely impressed or not ........................ 10

10 Pale dorsal vitta with predominance of green and whitish scales (brownish scales never predominant) ( Figs. 209–210, 212–213 ) ......................................................... 11

­ Pale dorsal vitta coloured otherwise, never with predominance of green scales ( Figs. 214–216 ) ......................................................................................................... 13

11 Pale dorsal vitta with predominance of whitish scales intermingled with pale olivaceous­green scales slightly denser on elytra ( Fig. 209 ). Elytra slightly wider behind middle, sides clothed with pale olivaceous­green scales concolorous with the dorsal scales (209, 230). Colombia and Brazil (Pará, Mato Grosso) ...... P. brevis Jordan, 1894

­ Pale dorsal vitta with predominance of dark­green scales intermingled with scarce whitish scales ( Figs. 210, 212–213 ). Elytra slightly narrowed apicad from base, sides clothed with scales darker than dorsal scales ............................................................. 12

12 Prothorax almost rounded ( Figs. 212–213 , 244 ). Pronotal depression divided by a transverse tubercle ( Fig. 244 ). Elytra without anteapical tubercles ( Figs. 212–213 ). Female: antennal club short. Costa Rica, Colombia, French Guiana, Brazil (Amapá, Amazônia, Pará, Mato Grosso) and Bolivia............................... P. jordani Frieser, 1959

­ Prothorax slightly convergent anteriorly from antebasal carina ( Fig. 210 ). Pronotal depression with a median rounded tubercle ( Fig. 210 ). Elytra with weakly prominent anteapical tubercles ( Fig. 210 ). Female: antennal club elongate and thickened ( Fig. 210 ). French Guiana and Brazil (Pará) ..................... P. jekeli Mermudes & Napp, 2004 .

13 Pale dorsal vitta with predominance of greenish­ochreous scales intermingled with scarce whitish scales ( Fig. 214 ). Prothorax almost rounded ( Figs. 214 , 244 ). Male with setiferous sex patch on ventrite I. Costa Rica, Colombia, French Guiana, Brazil (Amapá, Amazônia, Pará, Mato Grosso) and Bolivia.................................................... ................................................................................ P. jordani Frieser, 1959 (pale form)

­ Pale dorsal vitta with predominance of whitish scales intermingled with scarce brownish scales ( Figs. 215–216 ). Prothorax slightly convergent anteriorly from antebasal carina ( Figs. 215–216 ). Male without setiferous sex patch ........................................ 14

14 Prosternal furrow with a triangular, thickened, strongly developed prosternal projection at middle, reaching the intercoxal process; base of the projection always wider than the intercoxal process ( Fig. 255 ). Prosternum with moderately coarse, shallow punctures, with a weakly impressed area, coarsely, confluently punctate on each side of the disk ( Fig. 255 ). Brazil (Amapá, Rondônia, Amazonas, Pará, Mato Grosso) and Bolivia................................................................... P. magnus Mermudes & Napp, 2004

­ Prosternal furrow with a short prosternal projection at middle, not reaching the inter­ coxal process; base of the projection, at most, as wide as the intercoxal process ( Fig. 256 ). Prosternum with dense, coarse, deep punctures ( Fig. 256 ). Brazil (Pernambuco, Bahia, Espírito Santo) ............................................................... P. obsoletus Jekel, 1855

15 Pronotum transversely rugose at sides and on the median tubercle (rugae absent inside the central depression) (as in Fig. 246 ) ...................................................................... 16

­ Pronotum not rugose or with rugae only inside the central depression (as in Fig. 250 ) ..................................................................................................................................... 18

16 Prothorax slightly convergent anteriorly from antebasal carina ( Fig. 217 ). Elytra dorsally flattened; basal gibbosities and rugae almost inconspicuous; with anteapical tubercles (from prominent to weakly evident). Male: antennal segments III – IX sulcate. Peru, Brazil (Bahia, Pernambuco, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina), Bolivia and Paraguay........................ P. depressus Jekel, 1855

­ Pronotum almost rounded ( Figs. 208, 212–214 , 241, 244 ). Elytra convex, with prominent basal gibbosities and evidently rugose; anteapical tubercles absent. Male: antennal segments III–IX not sulcate .................................................................................. 17

17 Pale dorsal vitta with predominance of green or greenish­ochreous (pale form) scales intermingled with scarce whitish scales ( Figs. 212–214 ). Antebasal carinae of prothorax curved ( Figs. 212–214 , 244 ). Male with setiferous sex patch on ventrite I. Costa Rica, Colombia, French Guiana, Brazil (Amapá, Amazônia, Pará, Mato Grosso), Bolivia.................................................................................................... P. jordani Frieser, 1959

­ Pale dorsal vitta with predominance of whitish scales intermingled with brownish scales, sometimes sparse (never with green scales) ( Fig. 208 ). Antebasal carinae of prothorax straight ( Figs. 208 , 241 ). Male lacking setiferous sex patch. French Guiana and Brazil (Mato Grosso) ........................................................ P. crustatus Frieser, 1988

18 Pronotum rugose only inside the depression. Elytra with prominent anteapical tubercles ( Figs. 225–227 ) .................................................................................................. 19

­ Pronotum lacking rugae (if present, only in front of the tubercle). Elytra lacking anteapical tubercles ( Figs. 223–224 ) .................................................................................. 20

19 Pronotum rugose inside the depression, in front and behind the median tubercle. Anterior margin of both metasternum and intercoxal process of ventrite I deeply furrowed. Ventral body surface with yellow pilosity throughout ( Fig. 261 ). Mexico to Brazil (Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Acre, Rondônia, Ceará, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo) and Paraguay............................................................................................ P. nebulosus ( Olivier, 1795)

­ Pronotum rugose only behind the median tubercle ( Fig. 250 ). Furrow of the anterior margin of both metasternum and intercoxal process of ventrite I, vestigial. Ventral body surface with a median vitta of sparsely brownish pilosity (seeming subglabrous) ( Fig. 262 ). Brazil (Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina) ............................................................................................ P. elongatus ( Germar, 1824) 20 Pale dorsal vitta with dense dark­green scales intermingled with whitish scales (predominantly with greenish­ochreous scales in pale forms) ( Fig. 223 ). Pronotal depression divided by a transverse median tubercle ( Fig. 223 ). Prosternal furrow with a small median projection, not interrupting furrow ( Fig. 258 ). Trinidad and Tobago, Colombia, Venezuela, French Guiana, Brazil (Amapá, Acre, Rondônia, Amazonas, Pará, Ceará, Mato Grosso, Bahia, Espírito Santo) and Bolivia.............. P. viridanus Boheman, 1833

­ Pale dorsal vitta with dense whitish scales intermingled with pale green, ochraceus, or brownish scales ( Fig. 224 ). Pronotal depression large, elongate, slightly deeper behind the median, almost rounded tubercle which is flat on top (as in Fig. 250 ). Prosternal furrow with a small median projection interrupting furrow. French Guiana, Brazil (Rondônia, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul), Paraguay and Argentina................................................................... P. antiquus Jekel, 1855

Figures

FIGURES 239–250. Pronotum. 239, Tribotropis prasinata; 240, Unanthribus grandis; 241, Ptychoderes crustatus; 242, P. brevis, female holotype; 243, P. longicollis, holotype; 244, P. jordani, male holotype; 245, P. magnus, male holotype; 246, P. depressus; 247, P. virgatus; 248, P. bivittatus, male syntype; 249, P.rugicollis; 250, P. elongatus.

FIGURES 215–220. 215, Ptychoderes obsoletus Jekel, 1855, male; 216, Ptychoderes magnus, Mermudes & Napp, 2004 male holotype; 217, Ptychoderes depressus Jekel, 1855, male; 218, Ptychoderes virgatus Fåhraeus, 1839, male; 219, Ptychoderes mixtus Jekel, 1855, male; 220, Ptychoderes bivittatus Jordan, 1894, male.

FIGURES 208–214. 208, Ptychoderes crustatus Frieser, 1988, male; 209, Ptychoderes brevis Jordan, 1894, female holotype; 210, Ptychoderes jekeli Mermudes & Napp, 2004, female holotype; 211, Ptychoderes longicollis Jordan, 1894, male. 212–214, Ptychoderes jordani Frieser, 1959. 212, male holotype; 213, female paratype; 214, pale form, male.

FIGURES 221–227. 221, Ptychoderes callosus Jekel, 1855, male; 222, P. rugicollis Jordan, 1895, male; 223, P. viridanus Boheman, 1833, male; 224, P. antiquus Jekel, 1855, male; 225, P. elongatus (Germar, 1824), male; 226–227, P. nebulosus (Olivier, 1795), male.

FIGURES 251–262. Prosternum. 251, Tribotropis prasinata; 252, Unanthribus grandis; 253, Ptychoderes virgatus; 254, P. jekeli, female holotype; 255, P. magnus, male holotype; 256, P. obsoletus; 257, P. longicollis, male holotype; 258, P. viridanus; 259, P. rugicollis; 260, P. callosus; 261, P.nebulosus; 262, P. elongatus.

FIGURES 228–238. 228, Ptychoderes bivittatus Jordan, 1894, male; 229, P. nebulosus (Olivier, 1795), male; 230, P. brevis Jordan, 1894, female holotype. 231–234 detail of elytral apex. 231, Unanthribus maximus; 232, Ptychoderes mixtus; 233, Ptychoderes elongatus; 234, Ptychoderes callosus. 235, pygidium and ventrite V, Ptychoderes nebulosus. 236–238, ventrite I, male. 236, Ptychoderes mixtus; 237, Ptychoderes rugicollis; 238, Ptychoderes nebulosus.