Simulium (Hearlea)

Molina, Óscar S. & Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H., 2021, Simulium (Trichodagmia) (Diptera, Simuliidae) phylogeny revisited: the Neotropical and Afrotropical connection, European Journal of Taxonomy 773, pp. 80-119 : 93-97

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.5852/ejt.2021.773.1517
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C69631FE-E71B-4782-8399-1AD84527DA7E
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5557596
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9D2E87F3-FFBE-804A-FE0A-F990FB77F81A
treatment provided by	Felipe
scientific name	Simulium (Hearlea)
status

Treatment

Simulium (Hearlea) View in CoL Vargas, Martínez Palacios & Díaz Nájera, 1946

Figs 6 View Figs 3–15 , 25 View Figs 16–32 , 39–40 View Figs 33–49 , 57–59 View Figs 50–70 , 78–79 View Figs 71–90 , 98 View Figs 91–106 , 110, 121 View Figs 107–127. 107–113 , 136–139 View Figs 128–149

Hearlea Rubtsov, 1940: 154 (unav., nom. nud.).

Hearlea Vargas, Martínez Palacios & Díaz Nájera, 1946: 106, figs 19–34 (as subgenus of Simulium View in CoL ). Type species: Simulium canadense Hearle, 1932 View in CoL .

Diagnosis

Female

Scutum blackish to dark brown; scutal pattern present ( Fig. 6 View Figs 3–15 ). Cibarium unpigmented anteromedially and unarmed. Tarsal claws with subbasal tooth. Hypoginial valves subtriangular, shorter than sternite VIII width and forwardly directed. Anal lobe subrectangular with ventral extension shorter than cercus base width ( Fig. 25 View Figs 16–32 ).

Male

Ventral plate with sub-equal width and length, with or without anterior notch; lateral shoulders projected or not; posteromedial process present or absent. Gonocoxite wider than long, with base double in width than gonostylus width at their point of intersection ( Figs 57–59 View Figs 50–70 ). Gonostylus cylindrical, distinctly longer than gonocoxite, with blunt apex and apical spinule ( Figs 57–59 View Figs 50–70 ). Parameres with both distinctly large and small accessory spines.

Pupa

Cocoon aperture upward directed or not, not corbicular. Gills shorter than pupa body, with trunk developed, and free or with the base enclosed by the cocoon anterior margin; with 2–12 filaments arranged in the same or in different planes (tridimensional); filaments stiff, swollen, with blunt or acute apices concolorous with rest of gill; inferior branch not multibranched. Thoracic trichomes simples.

Larva (last instar)

Cephalic apotome spots insertion area not pigmented ( Fig. 121 View Figs 107–127. 107–113 ). Postocciput not extended over the cervical sclerites ( Fig. 121 View Figs 107–127. 107–113 ). Antenna with ½ of distal antennomere surpassing the labral fan stalk, without secondary annulations. Mandibles with preapical teeth as long as or longer than apical tooth; two mandibular serrations of same sizes. Postgenal cleft triangular; postgenal bridge length equal or less than hypostomal length. Hypostomal anterior margin convex or straight; hypostomal teeth extended beyond anterior margin of ventral wall of hypostoma; medial tooth as prominent as lateral ones or longer; lateral serrations well-developed, sharp; hypostomal paralateral teeth present or absent. Body surface glabrous. Abdomen gradually expanding posteroventrally to last segments, then abruptly contracting to posterior proleg ( Fig. 110 View Figs 107–127. 107–113 ). Anal sclerite encircling posterior posterior proleg or not. Posterior portion of abdomen with or without sclerotized accessory plates. Without 1+1 ventral tubercles. Rectal papillae with three multi-branched lobes.

Remarks

Simulium (Hearlea) was recovered based on three synapomorphies ( Fig. 1 View Fig , Table 2 View Table 2 , node 3), so we propose its revalidation. Coscarón et al. (2004) divided S. (Hearlea) into the species-groups Carolinae and Juarezi. We included two species of Carolinae and three of Juarezi in our analysis and, despite the low number of representatives, both groups were recovered, each defined by three synapomorphies and highly supported ( Fig. 1 View Fig , Table 2 View Table 2 , nodes 4, 5).

Based to our results, we maintain S. (Hearlea), which comprises 19 species and is divided into the species-groups Carolinae ( Fig. 1 View Fig , node 4) (seven species) and Juarezi ( Fig. 1 View Fig , node 5) (12 species), as defined by Coscarón et al. (2004). Both species-groups can be differentiated by: male ventral plate; pupal gills and cocoon morphology; larval hypostoma, abdominal posterior sclerotized accessory plates, and anal sclerite.

Carolinae species-group

Species

Simulium carolinae De León, 1945 View in CoL

S. gorirossiae Vargas & Díaz Nájera, 1957

S. johnsoni View in CoL Vargas & Díaz Nájera, 1957

S. larvispinosum De León, 1948 View in CoL

S. menchacai View in CoL Vargas & Díaz Nájera, 1957

S. paracarolinae Coscarón, 2004 View in CoL

S. temascalense Díaz Nájera & Vulcano, 1962 View in CoL

Diagnosis

Male

Ventral plate not notched; lateral shoulders not projected; posteromedial process absent ( Fig. 40 View Figs 33–49 ).

Pupa

Cocoon aperture next to the substratum; with 2–12 gill filaments, stiff, swollen, of same thickness, with accessory small branches, and oriented in different planes (tridimensional).

Larva (last instar) Hypostomal anterior margin convex; hypostomal medial tooth distinctly longer than lateral ones. Abdomen with posterior sclerotized accessory plates. Anal sclerite totally encircling base of posterior proleg (e.g., S. carolinae , S. gorirossiae , S. johnsoni , S. larvispinosum , S. menchacai , S. temascalense ) or almost (e.g., S. paracarolinae ).

Distribution

The group is found exclusively in central and southern Mexico and Guatemala ( Adler 2020).

Juarezi species-group

Species

Simulium ayrozai Vargas, 1945 View in CoL

S. burchi Dalmat, 1951 View in CoL

S. canadense Hearle, 1932 View in CoL

S. capricorne De León, 1945 View in CoL

S. contrerense Díaz Nájera & Vulcano, 1962 View in CoL

S. dalmati View in CoL Vargas & Díaz Nájera, 1948

S. delatorrei Dalmat, 1950 View in CoL

S. estevezi Vargas, 1945 View in CoL

S. ethelae Dalmat, 1950 View in CoL

S. juarezi View in CoL Vargas & Díaz Nájera, 1957

S. microbranchium Dalmat, 1949 View in CoL

S. nigricorne Dalmat, 1950 View in CoL

Diagnosis

Male

Ventral plate shallowly notched; lateral shoulders projected; posteromedial process present ( Fig. 39 View Figs 33–49 ).

Pupa

Cocoon aperture upward-directed ( Figs 78–79 View Figs 71–90 ); with 2–3 gill filaments, stiff, swollen, of different thickness and length, without accessory small branches, and oriented in the same plane ( Fig. 98 View Figs 91–106 ).

Larva (last instar)

Hypostomal anterior margin straight; hypostomal medial tooth at same level as lateral ones. Abdomen without posterior sclerotized accessory plates. Anal sclerite not encircling base of posterior proleg.

Distribution

Most members of this group occur in central and southern Mexico and Guatemala; S. canadense occurs in Canada and the USA and S. ethelae occurs in Costa Rica and Panama ( Adler 2020).

Kingdom	Animalia
Phylum	Arthropoda
Class	Insecta
Order	Diptera
Family	Simuliidae
Genus	Simulium