Simulium (Freemanellum) Crosskey, 1969

Molina, Óscar S. & Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H., 2021, Simulium (Trichodagmia) (Diptera, Simuliidae) phylogeny revisited: the Neotropical and Afrotropical connection, European Journal of Taxonomy 773, pp. 80-119 : 109-110

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.5852/ejt.2021.773.1517
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C69631FE-E71B-4782-8399-1AD84527DA7E
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5557607
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9D2E87F3-FFAE-8045-FD94-FE93FC80FD11
treatment provided by	Felipe
scientific name	Simulium (Freemanellum) Crosskey, 1969
status

Treatment

Simulium (Freemanellum) Crosskey, 1969 View in CoL

Figs 5 View Figs 3–15 , 18, 24 View Figs 16–32 , 38 View Figs 33–49 , 55–56 View Figs 50–70 , 76–77 View Figs 71–90 , 95–97 View Figs 91–106 , 109, 119–120 View Figs 107–127. 107–113 , 132–135 View Figs 128–149 , 152 View Figs 150–157

Freemanellum Crosskey, 1969: 92, figs 91, 110–112, 131, 147, 163, 205–206, 254 (as subgenus). Type species: Simulium berghei Fain, 1949 View in CoL .

Species

Simulium berghei Fain, 1949 View in CoL

S. debegene De-Meillon, 1934 View in CoL

S. empopomae De-Meillon, 1937 View in CoL

S. hessei Gibbins, 1941 View in CoL

S. hirsutilateris De-Meillon, 1937 View in CoL

S. manense Elsen & Escaffre, 1976 View in CoL

S. spinulicorne Fain & Elsen, 1980 View in CoL

Diagnosis

Female

Scutum red to light brown; scutal pattern present ( Fig. 5 View Figs 3–15 ). Cibarium unpigmented anteromedially and unarmed. Tarsal claw with subbasal tooth of about half of claw length. Hypoginial valves subtriangular, shorter than sternite VIII width, forwardly directed ( Fig. 18 View Figs 16–32 ). Anal lobe rectangular, longer than cercus width ( Fig. 24 View Figs 16–32 ).

Male

Ventral plate two times wider than longer, not notched, without lateral shoulders or posteromedial process ( Fig. 38 View Figs 33–49 ). Gonocoxite of equal length and width, with base almost equal in width than gonostylus width at their point of intersection ( Figs 55–56 View Figs 50–70 ). Gonostylus cylindrical with medial region equal in width than basal region, distinctly longer than gonocoxite, with blunt apex and apical spinule ( Figs 55–56 View Figs 50–70 ). Parameres with both, large and small accessory spines.

Pupa

Cocoon aperture upward directed, separated from substratum and not corbicular ( Figs 76–77 View Figs 71–90 ). Gill shorter than pupal body with trunk very reduced and with base enclosed by cocoon anterior margin ( Figs 95–97 View Figs 91–106 ); with four filaments arranged in different planes (tridimensional); filaments flexible, cylindrical, and with blunt apices concolorous with rest of gill; inferior branch single ( Figs 95–97 View Figs 91–106 ). Thoracic trichomes simples.

Larva (last instar)

Cephalic apotome spots insertion area pigmented ( Figs 119–120 View Figs 107–127. 107–113 ). Postocciput extended over the cervical sclerites. Labral fan stalk shorter than antenna, but longer than antennomeres 1+2. Antenna without secondary annulations. Mandibles with preapical teeth as long as apical tooth; supernumerary mandibular serrations of different sizes. Postgenal cleft rounded; postgenal bridge length nearly equal than hypostomal length ( Figs 132–135 View Figs 128–149 ). Hypostomal anterior margin straight; hypostomal teeth very reduced and extended below anterior margin of ventral wall of hypostoma ( Fig. 152 View Figs 150–157 ); lateral serrations well-developed, blunt; paralateral teeth present. Body surface glabrous. Abdomen gradually expanding posteroventrally to last segments, then abruptly contracting to posterior proleg ( Fig. 152 View Figs 150–157 ). Anal sclerite no encircling base of posterior proleg. Posterior portion of abdomen without sclerotized accessory plates. Without 1+1 ventral tubercles. Rectal papillae with three multi-branched lobes.

Remarks

Simulium (Freemanellum) was recovered as monophyletic and stable based on nine synapomorphies ( Fig. 1 View Fig , Table 2 View Table 2 , node 16), one of them unique: pupal gill trunk reduced (35 (0), Figs 95–97 View Figs 91–106 ). Simulium (Freemanellum) groups with S. ( Trichodagmia ) and S. ( Hemicnetha ) based on two synapomorphies ( Fig. 1 View Fig . Table 2 View Table 2 , node 15), one of them unique: female anal lobe at least twice as long as cercus width at base twice as long as cercus width at base (13 (1), Figs 24, 26, 29–30 View Figs 16–32 ), but with reversals in most species of the Orbitale species-group of S. ( Trichodagmia ) (e.g., Fig. 28 View Figs 16–32 ).

Distribution

Simulium (Freemanellum) is distributed in the following countries of the Afrotropical Region: Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Malawi, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, and Zimbabwe.