Simulium (Anasolen) Enderlein, 1930

Molina, Óscar S. & Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H., 2021, Simulium (Trichodagmia) (Diptera, Simuliidae) phylogeny revisited: the Neotropical and Afrotropical connection, European Journal of Taxonomy 773, pp. 80-119 : 105-108

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.5852/ejt.2021.773.1517
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C69631FE-E71B-4782-8399-1AD84527DA7E
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5557605
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9D2E87F3-FFAA-8047-FDBA-FB9BFE99F8C9
treatment provided by	Felipe
scientific name	Simulium (Anasolen) Enderlein, 1930
status

Treatment

Simulium (Anasolen) Enderlein, 1930 View in CoL

Figs 3–4 View Figs 3–15 , 16–17, 22–23 View Figs 16–32 , 33–37 View Figs 33–49 , 50–54 View Figs 50–70 , 71–75 View Figs 71–90 , 91–94 View Figs 91–106 , 107–108, 114–118, 127–131 View Figs 107–127. 107–113 View Figs 128–149 , 150–151 View Figs 150–157

Anasolen Enderlein, 1930: 94 (as genus). Type species: Anasolen adolffriedericianus Enderlein, 1930 [=

Simulium dentulosum Roubaud, 1915 View in CoL ]. Xenosimulium Crosskey, 1969: 86, figs 129, 161, 200–201, 277 (as subgenus of Simulium View in CoL ). Type species: Simulium imerinae Roubaud, 1905 View in CoL .

Diagnosis

Female

Scutum black to dark brown; scutal pattern present ( Figs 3–4 View Figs 3–15 ). Cibarium unpigmented anteromedially and unarmed. Tarsal claw with subbasal tooth shorter than a third of claw length. Hypoginial valves fine and pointed, shorter or longer than sternite VIII width, inwardly directed. Anal lobe subrectangular, shorter than the cercus base width ( Figs 22–23 View Figs 16–32 ).

Male

Ventral plate two times longer than wide or with sub-equal width and length, not notched; lateral shoulders projected or not; posteromedial process absent or present. Gonocoxite longer than wide, with base almost equal in width than gonostylus width at their point of intersection ( Figs 50–54 View Figs 50–70 ). Gonostylus cylindrical, with medial region equal in width than basal region; sub-equal or shorter than gonocoxite, with blunt apex and apical spinule ( Figs 50–54 View Figs 50–70 ). Parameres with spines of equal size, or with both distinctly large and small accessory spines.

Pupa

Cocoon aperture upward directed, separated from substratum, not corbicular ( Figs 71–75 View Figs 71–90 ). Gill much shorter than pupa body, with trunk developed, and totally free or with base enclosed by cocoon anterior margin; with 8–19 filaments arranged in different planes (tridimensional); filaments stiff, cylindrical, with acute apices of different or same color than rest of the gill; inferior branch multibranched. Thoracic trichomes simples.

Larva (last instar) Cephalic apotome spots insertion area pigmented ( Figs 114–118 View Figs 107–127. 107–113 ). Postocciput extended over the cervical sclerites or not. Antenna ranging from equal or shorter, to longer than labral fan stalk, with medial antennomere annulated or not. Mandibles with preapical teeth shorter, equal, or longer than apical tooth; with two to up to five mandibular serrations of different sizes. Postgenal cleft rounded; postgenal bridge longer than hypostomal length ( Figs 128–131 View Figs 128–149 ). Hypostoma anterior margin straight; hipostomal teeth extended beyond or below hypostomal anterior margin; medial tooth longer than lateral ones or at same level; lateral serrations absent or present; paralateral teeth present or absent. Body surface mostly glabrous. Abdomen gradually expanding posteroventrally to last segments, then abruptly contracting to posterior proleg ( Figs 107–108 View Figs 107–127. 107–113 ). Anal sclerite no encircling base of posterior proleg. Posterior portion of abdomen without sclerotized accessory plates. Without 1+1 ventral tubercles. Rectal papillae with three multi-branched or simple lobes.

Remarks

Simulium (Anasolen) and S. (Xenosimulium) were both recovered as monophyletic and well supported based on two and eight synapomorphies, respectively ( Fig. 1 View Fig , Table 2 View Table 2 , nodes 14, 13). In S. (Xenosimulium), two of them are unique: larval antenna annulated (45 (1), Fig. 127 View Figs 107–127. 107–113 ) and larval rectal papillae with undivided lobes (62 (0)).

Both groups form a clade based on five synapomorphies ( Fig. 1 View Fig , Table 2 View Table 2 , node 12), some of them unique among the Afrotropical black flies: hypoginial valves of similar shape and orientation ( Figs 16–17 View Figs 16–32 ), similar anal lobe shape ( Figs 22–23 View Figs 16–32 ), and shape of pupal gills ( Figs 91–94 View Figs 91–106 ). Therefore, we propose to subsume S. (Xenosimulium) as the Imerinae species-group ( Fig. 1 View Fig , node 13) (five species) in S. ( Anasolen ), and treat the species already included in S. ( Anasolen ) as the Dentulosum species-group ( Fig. 1 View Fig , node 14) (11 species). Both species-groups can be differentiated by: female hypoginial valves; male ventral plate and parameres; pupal gill morphology; larval antenna, hypostoma and rectal papillae.

Dentulosum species-group

Species

Simulium bisnovem Gibbins, 1938 View in CoL

S. dentulosum Roubaud, 1915 View in CoL

S. heptaspicae Gouteux, 1977 View in CoL

S. kauntzeum Gibbins, 1938 View in CoL

S. masabae Gibbins, 1934 View in CoL

S. ngabogei Fain, 1950 View in CoL

S. nili Gibbins, 1934 View in CoL

S. octospicae Gibbins, 1937 View in CoL

S. rhodesiense De-Meillon, 1942

S. shoae Grenier & Ovazza, 1956 View in CoL

S. voltae Grenier, Ovazza & Valade, 1960 View in CoL

Diagnosis

Female

Hypoginial valves shorter than sternite VIII width ( Fig. 16 View Figs 16–32 ).

Male

Ventral plate with sub-equal width and length; lateral shoulders present ( Fig. 35 View Figs 33–49 ) or absent ( Figs 33, 36–37 View Figs 33–49 ); posteromedial process absent. Parameres with both distinctly large and small accessory spines.

Pupa

Gill filaments with apices darkly pigmented, contrasting in color with the rest of the gill ( Figs 91–92, 94 View Figs 91–106 ).

Larva (last instar)

Postocciput extended over the cervical sclerites ( Figs 115, 117–118 View Figs 107–127. 107–113 ). Antenna equal or shorter than labral fan stalk; medial antennomere not annulated. Mandibles with preapical teeth shorter (e.g., S. dentulosum , S. nili ) or as long as apical tooth (e.g., S. kauntzeum , S. ngabogei ); two mandibular serrations of equal or different sizes. Hypostomal ( Fig. 151 View Figs 150–157 ) teeth extended beyond hypostomal anterior margin; medial tooth distinctly longer than lateral ones; lateral serrations well-developed, sharp; paralateral teeth present. Rectal papillae with three multi-branched lobes.

Distribution

Dentulosum is distributed in the following countries of the Afrotropical Region: Angola, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Nigeria, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Saudi Arabia, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Yemen and Zimbabwe ( Adler 2020).

Imerinae species-group

Species

Simulium ambositrae Grenier & Grjebine, 1959 View in CoL

S. griveaudi Ovazza & Ovazza, 1970 View in CoL

S. imerinae Roubaud, 1905 View in CoL

S. iphias De-Meillon, 1951 View in CoL

S. neireti Roubaud, 1905 View in CoL

Diagnosis

Female

Hypoginial valves longer than sternite VIII width ( Fig. 17 View Figs 16–32 ).

Male

Ventral plate two times longer than wide; lateral shoulders projected (e.g., Fig. 34 View Figs 33–49 ); posteromedial process present (e.g., S. griveaudi , S. iphias , S. neireti ), cylindrical and lower or equal than ventral plate length, or absent ( Fig. 34 View Figs 33–49 ). Parameres with all spines equal in size.

Pupa

Gill filaments with apices concolorous with rest of gill ( Fig. 93 View Figs 91–106 ).

Larva (last instar)

Postocciput extended over the cervical sclerites ( Fig. 116 View Figs 107–127. 107–113 ). Antenna with distal antennomere and ½ of medial antennomere surpassing labral fan stalk; medial antennomere secondarity annulated ( Fig. 127 View Figs 107–127. 107–113 ). Mandibles with preapical teeth equal or longer than apical tooth; supernumerary mandibular serrations (except in S. ambositrae ) of different sizes. Hypostomal ( Fig. 150 View Figs 150–157 ) teeth very reduced and extended below hypostomal anterior margin; lateral serrations blunt (e.g., S. ambositrae , S. neireti ) or absent (e.g., S. griveaudi , S. imerinae , S. iphias ); paralateral teeth absent. Rectal papillae without secondary lobules.