Simulium (Hemicnetha) Enderlein, 1934

Molina, Óscar S. & Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H., 2021, Simulium (Trichodagmia) (Diptera, Simuliidae) phylogeny revisited: the Neotropical and Afrotropical connection, European Journal of Taxonomy 773, pp. 80-119 : 98-100

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.5852/ejt.2021.773.1517
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C69631FE-E71B-4782-8399-1AD84527DA7E
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5557598
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9D2E87F3-FFA1-804F-FDA9-FE93FD09F827
treatment provided by	Felipe
scientific name	Simulium (Hemicnetha) Enderlein, 1934
status

Treatment

Simulium (Hemicnetha) Enderlein, 1934 View in CoL

Figs 9–12 View Figs 3–15 , 19–20, 26 View Figs 16–32 , 41–42 View Figs 33–49 , 60–62 View Figs 50–70 , 80–81 View Figs 71–90 , 99–102 View Figs 91–106 , 111, 122–123 View Figs 107–127. 107–113 , 140–143 View Figs 128–149 , 153–154 View Figs 150–157

Hemicnetha Enderlein, 1934b: 190 (as genus). Type species: Hemicnetha mexicana Enderlein, 1934 View in CoL [= Simulium paynei (Vargas, 1942) View in CoL (subst. name) nom. nov.]

Dyarella Vargas, Martínez Palacios & Díaz Nájera, 1946: 105, figs 8–28 (as subgenus of Simulium View in CoL ). Type species: Simulium mexicanum Bellardi 1982 View in CoL [= Simulium tarsatum Macquart, 1846 (1844) View in CoL ].

Species

Simulium brachycladum Lutz & Pinto, 1932 View in CoL

S. bricenoi View in CoL Vargas, Martínez Palacios & Díaz Nájera, 1946

S. cristalinum Coscarón & Py-Daniel, 1989 View in CoL

S. earlei View in CoL Vargas, Martínez Palacios & Díaz Nájera, 1946

S. freemani View in CoL Vargas & Díaz Nájera, 1949

S. guerrerense View in CoL Vargas & Díaz Nájera, 1956

S. hieroglyphicum Peterson, Vargas & Ramírez-Pérez, 1988 View in CoL

S. hinmani View in CoL Vargas, Martínez Palacios & Díaz Nájera, 1946

S. hippovorum Malloch, 1914 View in CoL

S. lobatoi Luna Dias, Hernández, Maia-Herzog & Shelley, 2004 View in CoL

S. paynei Vargas, 1942 View in CoL

S. pulverulentum Knab, 1915 View in CoL

S. rubrithorax Lutz, 1909 View in CoL

S. smarti Vargas, 1946 View in CoL

S. solarii Stone, 1948 View in CoL

S. tarsale Williston, 1896 View in CoL

S. tarsatum Macquart, 1846 View in CoL

S. virgatum Coquillett, 1902 View in CoL

S. yepocapense Dalmat, 1949 View in CoL .

Diagnosis

Female

Scutum black to dark brown (e.g., S. pulverulentum , S. earlei , S. hieroglyphicum , S. bricenoi , S. tarsatum ) or red to light brown (e.g., S. brachycladum , S. cristalinum , S. lobatoi , S. paynei , S. rubrithorax , S. virgatum ); scutal pattern present. Cibarium unpigmented anteromedially, armed with sharp teeth ( Figs 9–10, 12 View Figs 3–15 ) or unarmed ( Fig. 11 View Figs 3–15 ). Tarsal claw with subbasal tooth shorter than a third of claw length (except in S. lobatoi , in which the tooth has about half of claw length). Hypoginial valves fine and pointed ( Fig. 19 View Figs 16–32 ) or subtriangular ( Fig. 20 View Figs 16–32 ), longer than sternite VIII width (except in S. lobatoi , in which are shorter), forwardly directed. Anal lobe subrectangular (except in S. lobatoi , in which is hemispheric with curved distal border), twice as long as cercus width at base. ( Fig. 26 View Figs 16–32 ).

Male

Ventral plate two times longer than wide or with sub-equal width and length, not notched (except in S. arlei ); lateral shoulders absent ( Fig. 42 View Figs 33–49 ) or present ( Fig. 41 View Figs 33–49 ), in this case, not projected (except in S. lobatoi ); posteromedian process absent ( Fig. 42 View Figs 33–49 ) or present ( Fig. 41 View Figs 33–49 ), in this case, is cylindrical and longer than ventral plate width (except in S. lobatoi , in which is smaller). Gonocoxite longer than wide, with base almost equal in width to gonostylus width at their point of intersection ( Figs 60–62 View Figs 50–70 ). Gonostylus cylindrical, with medial region wider than basal region; distinctly longer than gonocoxite, with blunt apex and apical spicule ( Figs 60–62 View Figs 50–70 ). Parameres with both distinctly large and small accessory spines.

Pupa

Cocoon aperture upward directed ( Figs 80–81 View Figs 71–90 ),separated from substratum, corbicular ( Fig.81 View Figs 71–90 ) or not. Gill shorter than pupa body, with trunk developed and base enclosed by cocoon anterior margin ( Figs 80–81 View Figs 71–90 ) (except in S. lobatoi , in which the gills are totally free); with 6–90 filaments arranged in different planes (tridimensional); filaments flexible, cylindrical, with apices blunt (e.g., S. hieroglyphicum , S. bricenoi , S. paynei , S. rubrithorax , S. virgatum , S. tarsatum ) or acute (e.g., S. brachycladum , S. cristalinum , S. lobatoi , S. pulverulentum , S. earlei ), concolorous with rest of gill; inferior branch multi-branched ( Figs 99–100 View Figs 91–106 ) or single-branched ( Figs 100–101 View Figs 91–106 ). Thoracic trichomes generally simple.

Larva (last instar)

Cephalic apotome spots insertion area pigmented ( Figs 122–123 View Figs 107–127. 107–113 ) (except in S. lobatoi ). Postocciput extended ( Fig. 122 View Figs 107–127. 107–113 ) over the cervical sclerites, or not ( Fig. 123 View Figs 107–127. 107–113 ). Antenna ranging from equal in length to or shorter than labral fan stalk (e.g., S. earlei , S. bricenoi , S. paynei , S. rubrithorax , S. tarsatum ), to longer (e.g., S. brachycladum , S. cristalinum , S. lobatoi , S. pulverulentum , S. hieroglyphicum ), without secondary annulations. Mandibles with preapical teeth as long as apical tooth; two mandibular serrations of different sizes. Postgenal cleft triangular; postgenal bridge length less than hypostomal length ( Figs 140–143 View Figs 128–149 ). Hypostoma anterior margin convex ( Fig. 154 View Figs 150–157 ) or straight ( Fig. 153 View Figs 150–157 ); hypostomal teeth extended beyond anterior margin of ventral wall of hypostoma; median tooth distinctly longer than lateral ones ( Fig. 154 View Figs 150–157 ) or at same level ( Fig. 153 View Figs 150–157 ); lateral serrations well-developed, blunt (except in S. pulverulentum , in which are sharp); hypostomal paralateral teeth present (except in S. brachycladum ). Body surface glabrous. Abdomen gradually expanding posteroventrally to last segments, then abruptly contracting to posterior proleg ( Fig. 111 View Figs 107–127. 107–113 ). Anal sclerite no encircling base of posterior proleg. Posterior portion of abdomen without sclerotized accessory plates. Without 1+1 ventral papillae. Rectal papillae with three multi-branched lobes.

Remarks

Simulium (Hemicnetha) was recovered as monophyletic based on four synapomorphies ( Fig. 1 View Fig , Table 2 View Table 2 , node 21), one of them unique: male gonostylus with medial region larger than basal region (20 (0), Figs 60–62 View Figs 50–70 ). We therefore propose the revalidation of the subgenus, which comprises 19 species.

Coscarón & Coscarón-Árias (2007) divided S. ( Hemicnetha ) into four species-groups: Paynei, Brachycladum, Mexicanum, and Oviedoi. We included the following representatives in our analysis: Paynei (five species), Brachycladum (four species), Mexicanum (two species), and Oviedoi (two species). Simulium (Hemicnetha) sensu Coscarón & Coscarón-Árias (2007) was not recovered, because Oviedoi does not group with the remaining species-groups. Moreover, except for Oviedoi, none of the previously defined species-groups in this subgenus were recovered. We therefore revalidate S. ( Hemicnetha ), but without Oviedoi and without a subdivision into species-groups pending a more comprehensive investigation on the subgenus.

Distribution

Simulium (Hemicnetha) is mostly distributed in Mesoamerica and South America, being recorded from the following countries: Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Vincent, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela. However, S. bricenoi , S. freemani , S. paynei , S. solarii , and S. virgatum are present in the USA, and S. hippovorum occurs in Canada and the USA ( Adler 2020).