Glandulocauda Eigenmann, 1911

Menezes ¹, Naércio A. & Weitzman ², Stanley H., 2009, Systematics of the Neotropical fish subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae), Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (3), pp. 295-370 : 309

Glandulocauda Eigenmann, 1911

Glandulocauda Eigenmann, 1911b: 168 [type species: Glandulocauda melanogenys Eigenmann (1911b: 168) by original designation. - Eigenmann, 1914: 35 and 42 (in key to genera of Glandulocaudinae ). - Eigenmann & Myers, 1929: 467, 487-490 (followed Eigenmann,1911b, in allocation of species). - Travassos, 1951b: 66 (listed). - Böhlke, 1958: 43 (followed Eigenmann, 1911a, in allocation of species). - Nelson, 1964a: 63-75 (accepted Glandulocauda based on anatomy of G. inequalis rather than G. melanopleura ). - Géry, 1964: 6-9 (placed G. inequalis in Mimagoniates and accepted his new species G. terofali as a species of Glandulocauda ; tentatively based concept of Glandulocauda on anatomy of G. terofali ). - Géry, 1966: 228-299, 235 ( G. inequalis separate from Glandulocauda , but did not assign it generic name; retained G. terofali in Glandulocauda ). - Géry, 1977: 355-362 (included equivalents of G. melanopleura , G. caerulea , and G. terofali ; considered G. inequalis to have uncertain status). - Weitzman & Fink, 1985: 2, 103-109, 109 (assigned only equivalents of G. melanopleura and G. caerulea to Glandulocauda ; removed G. terofali to Diapoma Cope and G. inequalis to Mimagoniates ). - Weitzman et al., 1988: 384-413 (followed Weitzman & Fink, 1985, in assignment of species to genera). - Menezes & Weitzman, 1990: 384 (followed Weitzman & Fink, 1985: 2, 103-106, 109; in key to genera and species of Glandulocaudini ).

Diagnosis. Glandulocauda can be distinguished from the remaining glandulocaudines by having principal caudal-fin rays 11 and 12 slightly bowed ventrally but not involved in the formation of a fin-ray pump. Glandulocauda additionally differs from Lophiobrycon by having the origin of the dorsal fin just slightly ahead of vertical through anal-fin origin ( Figs. 11 and 12 ), but closer to caudal-fin basin than to snout tip, 16- 19 scale rows around the caudal peduncle and the lack of a urogenital papilla in females. In Lophiobrycon the dorsal fin origin is considerably ahead of vertical through anal-fin origin ( Fig. 3 ) and closer to snout tip than to caudal-fin base ( Fig. 3 ), the number of scale rows around the caudal peduncle is 14- 15, and the urogenital papilla is present in females ( Fig. 8 ). From Mimagoniates it differs by having the origin of the dorsal fin slightly ahead of vertical through anal-fin origin ( Figs. 11- 12 and 20-21 ), adult males with more than one hook on anal-fin rays that bear hooks ( Figs. 16 and 26 ), and fewer predorsal scales (15-18). In Mimagoniates the origin of the dorsal-fin is posterior to vertical through anal-fin origin ( Figs. 30-31 , 36 , 45-46 , 52-53 , 63-64 , 70-71 , and 77-79), the adult males usually have no more than 1 hook on anal-fin rays that bear hooks, sometimes 2 hooks on anterior divided ray and 3 on longest unbranched anterior ray ( Figs. 33 , 39 , 50 , 56 , 65 , 73 and 81 ) and more predorsal scales (18-28).

Remarks. Live colors of Lophiobrycon weitzmani (see Castro et al. 2003, fig. 2) briefly described by these authors (p.15) differ considerably from those of both species of Glandulocauda and must be autapomorphic for that genus. Adult males of G. melanopleura are predominantly pale yellow admixed with some brownish green; see Weitzman & Menezes (1994: 4) for color photographs in life. The live body color for G. caerulea is a dark steely blue with apparently some purple added; see Weitzman & Menezes (1994: 4). This color may not be exactly accurate because we believe the color temperature of the color film used in Weitzman & Menezes (1994: 4) was not exactly balanced for the light source used. The blue body color found in Glandulocauda caerulea differs from that found in the species of Mimagoniates and is not found in other characids known to us. We suggest that the blue color in G. caerulea is derived and possibly autapomorphic for the species.

Figures

Fig. 11. Glandulocauda melanopleura, adult male. USNM 236415, 42.3 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo State, headwater stream of rio Tietê near Paranapiacaba. Modified from Weitzman et al. (1988).

Fig. 12. Glandulocauda melanopleura, adult female. USNM 236415, 37.5 mm SL, São Paulo State, headwater stream of rio Tietê near Paranapiacaba. Modified from Weitzman et al. (1988).

Fig. 3. Lophiobrycon weitzmani, paratype, adult male, LIRP 4338, 33.1 mm SL, Brazil, Minas Gerais, rio Grande basin, upper rio Paraná, município de Delfinópolis, Estância Carmen Sílvia, córrego Bom Jesus. Modified from Castro et al. (2003).

Fig. 8. Lophiobrycon weitzmani, paratype, mature female, MZUSP83353, 18.2mmSL; urogenitalpapillaof mature female, lateral view, left side, anterior at left.

Fig. 20. Glandulocauda caerulea, adult male, USNM 326756, 43.9 mm SL, Brazil, Paraná State, brook tributary to rio Iguaçu near Lara Maria Ranch.

Fig. 21. Glandulocauda caerulea, adult female, USNM 326756, 41.0 mm SL, Brazil, Paraná State, brook tributary to rio Iguaçu near Lara Maria Ranch.

Fig. 16. Glandulocauda melanopleura, adult male, USNM 236415, 42.6 mm SL; anal-fin rays, lateral view, left side.

Fig. 26. Glandulocauda caerulea, adult male, USNM 326756, 39.4 mm SL; anal-fin rays, lateral view, left side.Lateral view, left side.

Fig. 30. Mimagoniates inequalis, female, MAPA 811, 22.7 mm SL, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, tributary to rio Gravataí at Morungava.

Fig. 31. Mimagoniates inequalis, male, MZUSP 75515, 33.1 mm SL; central region of caudal-fin base and fin showing beaded tissue indicated by arrow along borders of principal caudal-fin rays 11-14. Upper cluster of beaded tissue primarily positioned along borders of rays 11 and 12, rays that border groove of primitive caudal pump.

Fig. 36. Mimagoniates barberi, male above, UMMZ 205420, 35.6 mm SL, female below, SL 26.8 mm, Paraguay, San Pedro, rio Aguarai-mi, tributary to rio Paraguay, paratypes.

Fig. 45. Mimagoniates pulcher, male, MNRJ 17814, SL 35.0 mm SL, Brazil, Mato Grosso, “Porto Velho-São Luís de Cáceres”, holotype.

Fig. 46. Mimagoniates pulcher, female, MNRJ 4233, SL 26.3 mm SL, Brazil, Mato Grosso, “Porto Velho-São Luís de Cáceres”, paratype.

Fig. 52. Mimagoniates lateralis, young adults female above, male below. USNM 226468, 31.0 and 32.6 mm SL respectively, Paraná State, road between Paranaguá and Matinhos, at km 11.

Fig. 53. Mimagoniates lateralis, live adult male, USNM 254268, 29.9 mm SL, Brazil, Paraná State, unnamed blackwater stream emptying into Atlantic Ocean about 5 km S of Guaratuba.

Fig. 63. Mimagoniates sylvicola, young adult male, MZUSP 36612, holotype, 30.2 mm SL, Brazil, Bahia, município de Prado, unnamed forest rivulet near Fazenda Embaçuaba, 8-9 km NW of Cumuruxatiba. Modified from Menezes & Weitzman (1990).

Fig. 64. Mimagoniates sylvicola, adult female, MZUSP 93873, Brazil, Bahia, município of Canavieiras, stream between Ouricana and Santa Luzia.

Fig. 70. Mimagoniates rheocharis,adult male, MZUSP 40278, holotype, 47.3 mm SL, Brazil, Santa Catarina State,rio Faxinalzinho at Mãe dos Homens, near Praia Grande. Modified from Menezes & Weitzman (1990).

Fig. 71. Mimagoniates rheocharis, female,USNM 306339, paratype, 34.3 mm SL, Brazil, Santa Catarina State, tributary of Rio Grande. Modified from Menezes & Weitzman (1990).

Fig. 33. Mimagoniates inequalis, adult male, MCP 9892, 37.0 mm SL; anterior 12 anal-fin rays, lateral view, left side. First branched ray bears two hooks.

Fig. 39. Mimagoniates barberi, adult male, UMMZ 205420, 32.7 mm SL; anterior 13 anal-fin rays, lateral view, left side.

Fig. 50. Mimagoniates pulcher, developingmale, MNRJ 4233, 37.0 mm SL; anterior 13 anal-fin rays, lateral view, left side.

Fig. 56. Mimagoniates lateralis, adult male, USNM 236088, 31.6mm SL; anterior 9 anal-fin rays of adult male, lateral view, left side.

Fig. 65. Mimagoniates sylvicola, adult male, USNM 300634, 32.5 mm SL; anterior 11 anal-fin rays, lateral view, left side. Modified from Menezes & Weitzman (1990).

Fig. 73. Mimagoniates rheocharis, adult male, USNM 279879, paratype, 45.4 mm SL; anterior 13 anal-fin rays of adult male, lateralview,leftside.Modified fromMenezes&Weitzman(1990).

Fig. 81. Mimagoniates microlepis, large adult male, USNM 249876, 59.3mm SL; anterior 13 anal-fin rays, lateral view, left side.