Clubiona Latreille, 1804

Zhang, Jianshuang, Yu, Hao & Li, Shuqiang, 2021, Taxonomic studies on the sac spider genus Clubiona (Araneae, Clubionidae) from Xishuangbanna Rainforest, China, ZooKeys 1034, pp. 1-163 : 1

Genus Clubiona Latreille, 1804

Clubiona Latreille, 1804: 134 (type species Araneus pallidulus Clerck, 1757).

Hirtia Thorell, 1881: 222 (type species H. ternatensis Thorell, 1891).

Atalia Thorell, 1887: 54 (type species A. concinna Thorell, 1887).

Tolophus Thorell, 1891: 26 (type species T. submaculatus Thorell, 1891).

Paraclubiona Lohmander, 1944: 19 (type species Aranea corticalis Walckenaer, 1802).

Microclubiona Lohmander, 1944: 20 (type species C. trivialis C.L. Koch, 1834).

Hyloclubiona Lohmander, 1944: 20 (subgenus of Microclubiona , type species C. comta C.L. Koch, 1839).

Heteroclubiona Lohmander, 1944: 20 (subgenus of Clubiona , type species C. terrestris Westring, 1851).

Epiclubiona Lohmander, 1944: 20 (subgenus of Clubiona , type species C. neglecta O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1862, not C. similis L. Koch, 1866 as indicated by Wunderlich 2011).

Euryclubiona Lohmander, 1944: 21 (subgenus of Clubiona , type species C. subsultans Thorell, 1875).

Gauroclubiona Lohmander, 1944: 21 (subgenus of Clubiona , type species C. coerulescens L. Koch, 1867).

Bucliona Benoit, 1977: 68 (type species Clubiona dubia O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869).

Japoniona Mikhailov, 1990: 143 (subgenus of Clubiona , type species C. japonica L. Koch, 1878).

Bicluona Mikhailov, 1994: 52 (subgenus of Clubiona , type species Liocranum jucundum Karsch, 1879).

Marmorclubiona Wunderlich, 2011: 136 (type species C. marmorata L. Koch, 1866).

Breviclubiona Wunderlich, 2011: 139 (type species C. brevipes Blackwall, 1841).

Anaclubiona Ono, 2010: 4 (type species C. zilla Dönitz & Strand, 1906).

Comments.

Clubiona sensu lato currently contains more than 500 nominal species and is one of the largest genera of Araneae ( Marusik and Omelko 2018; WSC 2021). Several major taxonomic studies on a regional scale have been conducted, e.g., Simon (1932) for the French species, Lohmander (1944) for the Swedish species, Wiehle (1965) for the German species, Wunderlich (2011) for the European species, Edwards (1958) for the North American species, Dondale and Redner (1982) for the Canadian and Alaskan species, Mikhailov (1990, 1991, 1995, 2002, 2012) for the Palaearctic species, and Deeleman-Reinhold (2001) for the Southeast Asian species.

There are 14 generic names that are currently considered junior synonyms of Clubiona (see above list). Beyond that, at least ten subgeneric and 20 species group names have been recognised for subdivisions of the genus ( Lohmander 1944; Dondale and Redner 1982; Mikhailov 1990, 1991, 1995, 2002; Deeleman-Reinhold 2001). However, almost all generic and subgeneric statuses were suppressed by Mikhailov (1990, 1991, 1995, 2002, 2012) and Deeleman-Reinhold (2001). At present, only a dozen species group names are used for the taxonomy of the genus. Although there is no agreement on the limits of most species groups, some groups present a distinct set of characters with relatively stable species composition and are currently accepted by most taxonomists. There are at least 16 species groups discussed or frequently used in recent publications: C. apiculata group, C. corticalis group (corresponds to Atalia and Paraclubiona ), C. hystrix group (corresponds to Hirtia ), C. japonica group (corresponds to Tolophus and Japoniona ), C. trivialis group (corresponds to Microclubiona ), C. pallidula group and C. obesa group (belongs to Clubiona s. str.), C. abboi group (mainly distributed in North America, may be elevated to genus level in the future), C. similis group (corresponds to Epiclubiona ), C. lutescens group (corresponds to Heteroclubiona ), C. reclusa group (corresponds to Euryclubiona ), C. caerulescens group (corresponds to Gauroclubiona ), C. marmorata group (corresponds to Marmorclubiona ), C. brevipes s group (corresponds to Breviclubiona ), C. zilla group (corresponds to Anaclubiona ), C. genevensis group.

According to the quite diverse copulatory structures of both sexes, Clubiona sensu lato has been widely regarded as paraphyletic and will likely be split in the future ( Wunderlich 2011; Marusik and Omelko 2018; Zhang and Yu 2020). However, we agree with Mikhailov (2012) regarding the need of an extensive, large-scale review of the genus. Consequently, the present study follows the WSC (2021) and Mikhailov (2012), and temporarily places all species in Clubiona sensu lato.