Antillesoma antillarum ( Grübe & Oersted, 1858 )

Franco, Letícia C. & Kawauchi, Gisele Y., 2025, Distribution of Antillesoma (Stephen & Edmonds, 1972) (Sipuncula, Antillesomatidae) in the Southwest Atlantic: New Records and Morphological Notes, Zootaxa 5590 (4), pp. 545-554 : 548-550

publication ID	https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5590.4.5
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:5C24D854-5C2B-49D2-B20D-37146DD1F40F
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14953538
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9363BD4A-3530-FFF8-00F5-3E9AFF4D06DB
treatment provided by	Plazi (2025-03-01 17:45:50, last updated 2025-03-05 14:11:54)
scientific name	Antillesoma antillarum ( Grübe & Oersted, 1858 )
status

Treatment

Antillesoma antillarum ( Grübe & Oersted, 1858) View in CoL

Phascolosoma antillarum Grübe & Oersted, 1858:117–118 View in CoL .— Fisher 1952:434–436, plate 39, figs 8–9; Rice & Macintyre 1972:42.

Physcosoma antillarum Gerould, 1913:420–421 View in CoL , plate 62, figs 19–20.

Phascolosoma (Antillesoma) antillarum Stephen & Edmonds, 1972:278–279 View in CoL , figs 35D–F.— Rice 1970:42, fig. 5; Young 1986:103; Cutler & Cutler 1983:182–184.

Antillesoma antillarum View in CoL .— Cutler et al. 1992:156, fig. 3B; Cutler 1994:1868–189, fig. 52; Dean 2001:87–88; Cutler & Schulze 2004:226; Schulze & Rice 2004:4; Collin et al. 2005: 688; Matthewes-Cascon & Lotufo 2006:69; Dean et al. 2007:50 View Cited Treatment ; Varela & Schulze 2008:9; Garcia et al. 2010:10, fig. 3c; Díaz-Díaz 2011:169; Gómez et al. 2013: 58–6; Quirós-Rodríguez et al. 2021: 1201–1203, fig. 3.

Examined Material: Brazil. UFPB-SIP 88 , 2 specs.; Rio Grande do Norte, Nísia Floresta, Pontal de Tabatinga , 6°3’11”S, 35°6’24”W, coll. Aug. 1982 by M.L. Christoffersen; GoogleMaps INV-2400008, 1 spec.; Ceará, Fortaleza, Praia de Sabiaguaba , 3°48’35”S, 38°24’35”W, coll. 2013 by C. Mendes GoogleMaps ; MZUSP5373 View Materials , 6 View Materials specs; Pernambuco, João Pessoa , 7°08’54”S, 34°47’52”W, coll. 2 Dec. 1979 by M. L. Christoffersen; GoogleMaps UFMG-INV-2400001–2400007, 7 specs; Pernambuco, Praia do Paraíso , Cabo de Santo Agostinho, 8°21’11”S, 34°55’35”W, coll. Apr.2018 by G.Y. Kawauchi GoogleMaps ; MZUSP5372 View Materials , 2 View Materials specs; Alagoas, Maceió , 9°38’55”S, 35°42’20”W, coll. 7 Nov. 1972 GoogleMaps ; MZUSP5380 View Materials , 36 View Materials specs; Bahia, Boipeba, Praia de Bainema , 13°37’48”S, 38°53’50”W, coll. 16 Oct. 2011 by M. Tavares GoogleMaps ; MZUSP5371 View Materials , 19 View Materials specs; Bahia, Boipeba, Tassimirim , 13°34’52”S, 38°54’49”W, coll. 15 Oct. 2011 by M. Tavares GoogleMaps ; MZUSP5376 View Materials , 14 View Materials specs; Bahia, Boipeba, Praia de Bainema , 13°37’49”S, 38°53’50”W, coll. 15 Apr. 2012 by M. Tavares GoogleMaps ; MZUSP5379 View Materials , 1 spec.; Bahia, Boipeba, Praia dos Castelhanos , 13°39’08”S, 38°53’29”W, coll. 16 Oct. 2010 by M. Tavares; A. Benetti; J. Braga; L. Ferreira & A. Gouvea; GoogleMaps MZUSP5370 View Materials , 2 View Materials specs; Bahia, Boipeba, Foz Rio Catu , 13°39’33”S, 38°53’58”W coll. 16 May 2012 by M. Tavares GoogleMaps ; MZUSP5378 View Materials , 5 View Materials specs; Bahia, Boipeba, Praia dos Castelhanos , 13°39’55”S, 38°53’52”W, coll. 17 Apr. 2012 by M. Tavares GoogleMaps ; MZUSP5366 View Materials , 2 View Materials specs; Bahia, Porto Seguro, Coroa Vermelha , 16°19’59”S, 39°00’22”W, coll. 13 Nov. 2010 by M. Tavares; A. Benetti; J. Braga; L. Ferreira & A. Gouvea GoogleMaps ; MZUSP5374 View Materials , 2 View Materials specs; Bahia, Porto Seguro, Coroa Vermelha , 16°19’58”S, 39°00’21”W, coll. 30 May 1994, Diversitas Neotropica expedition GoogleMaps ; MZUSP5379 View Materials , 1 spec.; Bahia, Porto Seguro, Ponta Grande , 16°22’38”S, 39°00’20”W, coll. 16 Nov. 2010 by M. Tavares; A. Benetti; J. Braga; L. Ferreira & A. Gouvea GoogleMaps ; MZUSP5479 View Materials , 1 spec.; Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Ilha de Trindade , Enseada dos Portugueses, 20°29’52.3”S, 29°19’15.6”W, coll. Jul. 2013 by J.B. Mendonça GoogleMaps ; MZUSP5478 View Materials , 2 View Materials specs; Espírito Santo, Vitoria, A Ilha de Trindade, Ilha da Racha , 20º30’26.5”S, 29°0’48.0”W, coll. Jul. 2013 by J.B. Mendonça GoogleMaps ; MZUSP5491 View Materials , 1 spec.; Espírito Santo, Ilha de Martim Vaz , 20°30’45.7”S, 29°18’21.9”W, coll. 24 Jul. 2012 by J.B. Mendonça GoogleMaps ; MZUSP5476 View Materials , 1 spec.; Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Ilha de Trindade, Enseada da Cachoeira , Farilhões, 20°31’22.4”S, 29°19’52”W, coll. Jun. 2012 by J.B. Mendonça GoogleMaps ; MZUSP5481 View Materials , 1 spec.; Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Ilha de Trindade, Enseada da Cachoeira Farrilhões , 20º31’22.4”S, 29º19’52”W, coll. Jul. 2012 by J.B. Mendonça GoogleMaps ; MZUSP5484 View Materials , 1 spec.; Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Ilha de Trindade, Enseada da Cachoeira Farrilhões , 20°31’22.4”S, 29°19’52”W, coll. Jun. 2012 by J.B. Mendonça GoogleMaps ; MZUSP5369 View Materials , 2 View Materials specs; Espírito Santo, Guarapari, Praia Peracanga , 20°40’45”S, 40°30’4”W, coll. 10 Jan. 1978 by M. L. Christoffersen. GoogleMaps

Diagnosis: External anatomy ( Fig. 3A View FIGURE 3 ). Body measuring 38± 16 mm in length (N=20). Introvert (distended): 9± 5 mm length (N=20), covered with conical papillae (some of them pointing to the posterior region ( Fig. 3I View FIGURE 3 )), ratio between introvert diameter and introvert length 1:4 (1:38–1:7). Tentacles>40, digitiform purplish or greenishbrown. Trunk: 30± 12 mm length (N=31), pinkish or dark brown, and covered by papillae divided into three regions - anterior: rounded dark papillae; medial: small light papilla; posterior: rounded dark papillae ( Fig. 4 View FIGURE 4 ). Ratio between trunk diameter and trunk length 1:7 (1:38–1:17). The proportion introvert/trunk length is ~ 30%. Anus opening at 2± 1 mm (N=28) from the anterior region of the trunk.

Internal anatomy ( Fig. 3B View FIGURE 3 ). Internal trunk with longitudinal muscles in anastomosing bundles beginning 12± 5 mm (N=24) from anterior region of the trunk; anterior region with 12–19 LMBs (N=34), 21–36 LBMs (N=23) at base of retractor muscles, and posterior end with 19–35 LBMs (N=22). Nephridia opening immediately posterior to anus, between 2–3 (N=21), 3-4 LMBs (N= 2), measuring 17± 9 mm (N=21) and 14± 3 mm (N=21) in length attached to the trunk wall, brownish-yellow to orange in color. Two pairs of introvert retractor muscles fixed to the trunk 17± 4 mm (N=20) from the anterior region of trunk, ventral pair attached between 1–5 (N=2), 2–5 (N=1), 2–7 (N=1), 3–6 (N=3), 3–7 (N=1), dorsal pair attached between 6–8 (N=1), 6–9 (N=3), 6–10 (N=1),8–9 (N=1), 8–10 (N=3). Spindle muscle attached immediately anterior to anus. Fixing muscle originates from the spindle muscle at 2 nd intestinal coil attached to left side of ventral nerve cord, 18± 8 mm (N=7) from anterior region. Wing muscle extends from anus in both left and right directions, covering 3 (N=8), 4 (N=9), or 5 (N=1) LMBs. Contractile vessel covered by digitiform villi, reddish or whitish in color.

Taxonomic Remarks: The external and internal anatomy of A. antillarum from Brazil closely follows the descriptions provided by Gerould (1913), Fisher (1952), and Cutler (1994) and Franco et al. (2024) for specimens collected from various locations along the Western Atlantic coast. With regards to coloration, our observations contrast with Cutler (1994), who described a brownish-green tentacle pattern only for fixed specimens. We have observed this coloration pattern within fixed and live individuals collected in Praia da Pituba, Salvador, Bahia. All specimens from Praia do Paraíso, Cabo de Santo Agostinho, Pernambuco, exhibit brownish-green tentacles in fresh specimens and were found under rocks. Variations in trunk coloration patterns were noted, with individuals displaying a pinkish-reddish (on museum specimens ( Fig. 4A–D View FIGURE 4 ) or brownish (on live and fixed animals ( Fig. 4E–I View FIGURE 4 ) pattern. It was also observed that the shape and distribution of papillae along the trunk exhibit considerable variation between individuals ( Fig. 4 View FIGURE 4 ). The coloration of the contractile vessel villi also exhibited variability, with white villi observed in both fresh and long-preserved specimens, while the reddish pattern was limited to specific individuals within the museum specimens. The high variation in the total count of LMBs along the trunk was also observed due to the high degree of anastomosis, resulting in variations in the position of the introvert retractor along the LMBs.

Distribution ( Fig. 2 View FIGURE 2 ): Antillesoma antillarum has been documented in locations across Indo-West Pacific, Eastern Pacific on the Eastern and Western Atlantic ( Cutler 1994). In Brazil it occurs from Praia de Flecheiras, Trairi, Ceará ( Matthewes-Cascon & Lotufo 2006); Fortaleza, Ceará; Maracajaú, Rio Grande do Norte ( Garcia et al. 2010); Nísia Floresta, Rio Grande do Norte; João Pessoa, Paraíba ( Young 1986); Pernambuco ( Gerould 1913); Cabo de Santo Agostinho, Pernambuco; Maceió, Alagoas; Salvador, Bahia ( Franco et al. 2024); Boipeba, Bahia; Porto Seguro, Bahia; Coroa Vermelha, Bahia; Guarapari, Espírito Santo; Arquipélago Trindade e Martim Vaz, Espírito Santo.

References

Collin, R., Diaz, M. C., Norenburg, J. L., Rocha, R. M., Sanchez, J. A., Schulze, A., Schwartz, M. L. & Valdes, A. (2005) Photographic Identification Guide to Some Common Marine Invertebrates of Bocas Del Toro, Panama. Caribbean Journal of Science, 41 (3), 638-707.

Cutler, E. B. & Cutler, N. J. (1983) An examination of the Phascolosoma subgenera Antillesoma, Rueppellisoma and Satonus (Sipuncula). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 77 (2), 175-187. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1983.tb00528.x

Cutler, N. J., Cutler, E. B. & Vargas, J. A. (1992) Peanut worms (Phylum Sipuncula) from Costa Rica. Revista de Biologia Tropica l, 40, 153-158.

Cutler, E. B. (1994) The Sipuncula. Their systematics, biology and evolution. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 453 pp. https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501723643

Cutler, E. B. & Schulze, A. (2004) Sipuncula from Barbados, including two new for the island plus Siphonosoma vastum; first record from the Atlantic Ocean. Bulletin of Marine Science, 74 (1), 225-228.

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Franco, L. C., Magalhaes, W. F., Guimaraes, L. S., Oliveira, D., Rocha, E. C. & Kawauchi, G. Y. (2024) Four new records of Sipuncula (Annelida) from Northern Brazil. Zootaxa, 5410 (1), 134-144. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5410.1.8

Garcia, T. M., Matthews-Cascon, H. & Franklin-Junior, W. (2010) Sipuncula Associated with Branching Fire Coral (Millepora Alcicornis) in A Marine Protected Area In Northeastern Brazil. Thalassas, 1 (26), 9-12.

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Quiros-Rodriguez, J. A., Santafe-Patino, G. & Nisperuza-Perez, C. (2021) On the occurrence of Antillesoma antillarum (Grube, 1858) (Sipuncula, Antillesomatidae) on the south-central part of the Colombian Caribbean coast. Check List, 17 (5), 1199-1204. https://doi.org/10.15560/17.5.1199

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Figures

FIGURE 2. Map showing the current distribution of A. antillarum in Brazil.

FIGURE 3. Antillesoma antillarum anatomy (fixed specimen). (A) External ventral view; (B) Internal view. Abbreviations: an = anus, co = collar, cv = contractile vessel, Vrm = Ventral retractor muscle, fm = fixing muscle; in = intestine, int = introvert, lmb = longitudinal muscle band, mo = mouth, ne = nephridia, re = rectum, sm = spindle muscle, tr = trunk, vn = ventral nerve cord, vrm = ventral retractor muscle.

FIGURE 4. Antillesoma antillarum external morphological variation. (A–D) Pinkish-reddish individual; (E–I) Brownish individual. (A) Complete pinkish-reddish individual with introvert retracted; (B) Papillae from the anterior trunk region; (C) Papillae from the mid-trunk region; (D) Papillae from the posterior trunk region; (E) Complete brownish individual with introvert distended; (F) Papillae from the anterior trunk region; (G) Papillae from the mid-trunk region; (H) Papillae from the posterior trunk region; (I) Papillae from the introvert. Abbreviations: tr = trunk.