Mallinella Strand, 1906

Dankittipakul, Pakawin, Jocqué, Rudy & Singtripop, Tippawan, 2012, Systematics and biogeography of the spider genus Mallinella Strand, 1906, with descriptions of new species and new genera from Southeast Asia (Araneae, Zodariidae) 3369, Zootaxa 3369 (1), pp. 1-327 : 17-30

Mallinella Strand, 1906

Type species by original designation M. maculata Strand, 1906 from Ethiopia. Types of M. maculata and M. scutata Strand, 1906 were destroyed during the World War II ( Jocqué 1991). To represent Strand’s concept of Mallinella , M. vittiventris Strand, 1913 was selected ( Jocqué 1991) among the two species subsequently described by Strand (1913), who mentioned the close affinity between these taxa and the type species. To date, a neotype of M. maculata has not yet been designated.

Diagnosis. The spider genus Mallinella is phylogenetically defined by a single, unambiguous synapomorphy ( Fig. 3, node 5): the presence of a single row of posterior ventral spines situated in front of the spinnerets ( Figs 122–125 ). Males share the following combination of characters: the palpal tibia carries up to three apophyses but always with a retrolateral one ( Figs 68–70 ); the heavily sclerotized conductor consists of a sharply pointed apex ( Fig. 6 , C), a strongly pronounced prolateral base ( Fig. 6 , PC), and a dorsal process ( Fig. 6 , CDP); the sclerotized TA is of variable shapes and sizes, always with marginal modification ( Figs 25–37 ); the embolic base is superficially connected to a tegulum via a thin membrane. Females can be recognized by the following characters: the epigyne is represented by a simple, heavily sclerotized plate, occasionally with a deep anterior median incision; the heavily sclerotized internal female genitalia are composed of insemination ducts and terminal spermathecae; the insemination ducts are generally short and diverging; the spermathecae are widely separated and situated parallel to each other but perpendicular to the epigynal plate ( Figs 39–61 ). An anterior dorsal scutum is present on the opisthosoma of males. The venter of opisthosoma is pale, marked by a broad median band and flanked by two oblique, lateral bands of dark sepia color ( Fig. 721 ).

Affinities. Mallinella is the largest genus of the Zodariidae and most widespread together with Asceua that has a similar area. Among the other genera, only Cyrioctea Simon occurs on three continents. The general conformation of the male palp, especially the shape of a conductor and a tegular apophysis, suggests that in spite of markedly different somatic forms, all species-groups of Mallinella are closer to one another than to species of other genera in the subfamily Zodariinae . It seems appropriate to retain the large genus and to divide Mallinella into a number of distinct species-groups.

Results from the phylogenetic analyses suggest that the presence of posterior ventral spines, which is considered a synapomorphy of the genus, is shared among closely related genera including Heliconilla gen. nov., Workmania gen. nov., Euryeidon and Heradion . However, these spines are aligned in a single row in Mallinella ( Fig. 122 ) while they are in a group with several lines on a chitinized base in other taxa ( Figs 8–11 ).

Mallinella , Heliconilla gen. nov., Workmania gen. nov., Euryeidon and Heradion all have a scutiform sternum carrying triangular extensions fitting into coxal and intercoxal concavities (Ch. 33). In Mallinella and Heliconilla gen. nov. the anterior margin of the sternum is straight or slightly excavated (Ch. 27, state 0; Fig. 783 ) whereas in Heradion , Euryeidon and Workmania gen. nov. the anterior border is medially excavated to accommodate the labium (Ch. 27, state 1; Figs 1388, 1391).

Although Heliconilla gen. nov. bears a close resemblance to Mallinella in having similar male palpal morphology, its members can be distinguished from those of Mallinella by a number of autapomorphic (Ch. 58, state 1; Ch. 62, state 1; Ch. 80, state 1) and homoplasious characters (Ch. 50, state 1; Ch. 54, state 2; Ch. 55, state 2; Ch. 73, state 1; Ch. 89, state 2). Furthermore, the surface of posterior ventral spines of Heliconilla gen. nov. is modified, provided with two rows of minute denticles (Ch. 24, state 2; Figs 1289–1292) whilst the surface of these spines is generally smooth, lacking a peculiar modification in other zodariid genera (state 1).

Description. Small to medium-sized ecribellate, entelegyne, araneomorph spiders. Prosoma pear-shaped in dorsal view, widest between coxae II and III; pars cephalica elevated, gradually sloping posteriorly, in profile highest just behind PME or in front of longitudinal fovea. Integument of carapace variable, from smooth and shiny ( Fig. 998 ) to finely punctated ( Figs 126–127 , 174–175 ), rugous or strongly granulated ( Figs 334–335 ). Carapace sparsely covered with short, aculeate setae ( Fig. 939 ); longer ones situated in ocular region.

Eight eyes arranged in two rows; AER slightly procurved, PER strongly procurved in dorsal view ( Figs 568 , 845 ); eyes oval, pale, AME largest (approximately 1.5–2.0 diameter of other eyes), others subequal in size; AME separated by 0.5–1.0 their diameter, roughly 0.5–1.3 their diameter to ALE; PME separated by about 1.0–1.4 their diameter, twice their diameter to PLE; ALE and PLE separated by approximately 1.5–3.0 their diameter; MOQ wider behind than in front, usually longer than wide. Clypeal height approximately 4–6 times diameter of AME.

Chelicerae vertical, covered with distomesal group of setae; lateral condyles slightly elevated; lacking pro- and retromarginal denticle on cheliceral fang groove; fang short and stout. Chilum represented by separated sclerite ( Fig. 614 ), unipartite, lined with few bristles, triangular or trapezoidal. Labium equilateral triangle, covered with sparse setae ( Fig. 308 ). Gnathocoxae ( Fig. 692 ) triangular, anteriorly convergent, each with anteromesal group of thick setae; serrula absent. Sternum scutiform, roughly triangular ( Figs 406 , 557 , 614 ), widest between coxae II and III; anterior margin straight ( Figs 558 , 692 , 783 ), gently curved ( Fig. 111 ), or usually with shallow lateral incisions ( Figs 406 , 614 ); posterior margin protruding between coxae IV, triangular ( Figs 111 , 612 ), indented ( Figs 375 , 783 ), or straight ( Figs 558 , 723 ); lateral margins always with triangular extensions fitting into middle of coxae ( Fig. 375 ) and smaller, coriaceous projections in between intercoxal concavities ( Figs 558 cf. 614); integument punctated or heavily reticulated, clothed with long setae; pits, if present, situated along lateral margin ( Figs 554 , 783 ), sometimes fused ( Figs 793–794 ). Pedicel composed of three sclerites: anterior dorsal sclerite posteriorly deeply excavated; posterior dorsal sclerite distinctly shorter and less sclerotized; ventral sclerite elongated, almost reaching posterior tip of sternum.

Leg formula 4123 or 4132; spination variable, fewer spines on anterior legs, more numerous on posterior ones; shape of spines from short to elongate; ventral preening brush consisting of chisel-shaped setae located distally on metatarsi II and III ( Figs 79–82 ), setae sparse on metatarsi I and IV. Dorsal surface of femora usually elevated, provided with median spine ( Figs 75–76 ) and stridulating files ( Figs 217–218 ). Three tarsal claws: two dentate claws, provided with 8–12 teeth; unpaired claw situated on onychium; claw tufts absent; spiniform scopula sparse. Tarsal organ capsulated. Trichobothria present on patellae, tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi ( Fig. 86 ). Hinged setae present ( Figs 83–84 ).

Opisthosoma ovoid, clothed with short, aculeate setae, rarely with dense cover of elongated bristles ( Fig. 313 ); venter posteriorly sparsely covered with brachiate setae; apodemes indistinct. Dorsum with background of sepia, generally mottled with numerous, minute, pale spots. Venter marked with broad, mid-longitudinal band and two smaller, lateral stripes on pale background ( Fig. 721 ); median band often modified ( Figs 372, 374 ). Pattern on dorsum of opisthosoma consisting of 6 or more pairs of pale, round spots running mid-longitudinally ( Figs 299 , 373 , 1057, 1059) in juveniles, in adults these spots strongly modified: first and second pairs usually enlarged, often fused to form reniform spots ( Fig. 156–161 ) or extending laterally ( Figs 310–313 ); third to fifth pairs unmodified ( Figs 539–544 ) or medially connected, forming a series of transverse bands or chevrons (Figs 1094–1099, 1136). Dorsal scutum lightly sclerotized plate located anteriorly in males, coriaceous or indistinct in females, shape and size varying greatly, from large, heavily sclerotized plate occupying approximately half of opisthosoma length (Fig. 1086, 1088) to narrow, longitudinal band ( Figs 104 , 486 ), or only remnant of coriaceous area (Fig. 984), its cuticle with recumbent setae. Epigastric region weakly sclerotized. Epiandrum present in males ( Figs 90 , 331 ).

Posterior ventral spines arranged in one single row ( Figs 559–560 ), situated between tracheal spiracle and spinnerets, shape varying between species-groups: from globular ( Figs 332–333 , 693 ) to hair-like ( Figs 936–937 ), cylindrical ( Figs 122–125 ), or elongated with sharply pointed apex ( Figs 561–562 ). Wide, straight posterior spiracle situated in front of anterolateral spinnerets.

Six spinnerets ( Fig. 91 ), two-segmented, apical segment short and membranous. Anterior lateral spinnerets (ALS) conical, longest, situated close to each other on a common base. Posterior lateral spinnerets (PLS) cylindrical, smallest. Posterior median spinnerets (PMS) flattened laterally. Two large major ampullate gland spigot (MAP) surrounded by piriform gland spigots (PI) on ALS. Four cylindrical gland spigots (CY) situated on PMS, surrounded by aciniform gland spigots (AC). Posterior lateral margin of PLS with CY, surrounded by numerous AC. Colulus replaced by two groups of 2–3 hairs ( Fig. 499 ).

Male palpal tibia always carrying well-developed retrolateral tibial apophysis (RTA) ( Figs 6 , 68–70 ), occasionally with further modification. Dorsolateral tibial apophysis (DTA) or second RTA present in some species-groups ( Figs 69 , 317 ). Retrolateral side of tibia often modified, represented by pronounced triangular elevation ( Figs 6 , ERT; 166, 850–853). Anterior margin on ventral side of tibia always with elevated apical ridge (AR) ( Fig. 6 , 68 ). Cymbium roughly triangular, lateral fold restricted to basal part ( Fig. 70 ) or extending anteriorly, almost reaching apex ( Fig. 412 ); few erect spines situated on apex of cymbium; field of chemo-sensitive hairs covering terminal and dorsolateral sides ( Figs 67 , 71–74 ). Tegulum with longitudinal membranous area. Tegular apophysis (TA) heavily sclerotized, situated on apico-retrolateral side of tegulum, bearing several additional processes, ridges and folds ( Figs 25–37 ). Conductor (Fig. 1175) heavily sclerotized, situated apically; apex of conductor sharply pointed, directed posteriad; base of conductor greatly enlarged, extending prolaterally, clearly visible in ventral view ( Fig. 6 , PC); prolateral side of conductor greatly excavated to accommodate embolic tip (Fig. 1175); dorsal process of conductor triangular ( Figs 417 , 1176) or lobular ( Figs 316 , 343 ); occasionally with ventral sclerite extending anteriorly ( Fig. 319 ). Tegular spine (TT) digitiform or triangular, situated on meso-retrolateral side of tegulum ( Figs 6 , 411 , 130 , 139 ). Embolic base (EB) superficially connected to tegulum, its anterior margin membranous; embolus represented by filament of variable length, slender or thickened, often with longitudinal groove and additional process. Subtegulum situated baso-prolaterally, accommodating triangular extension of tegulum ( Fig. 416 ). Female palp with strong ventral and lateral spines; tarsus cylindrical; tarsal claws long, finely pectinated, pointed inwards over 45°.

Epigyne represented by transverse plate of variable shapes, usually excavated anteriorly; lateral border delimiting epigynal plate varying greatly, from parallel borders (Fig. 1178) to digitiform projections ( Figs 733–734 ), or retracted ( Figs 495, 497 ). Pair of copulatory orifices opening on anterior lateral margin of median plate, leading to heavily sclerotized internal genitalia consisting of short insemination ducts and elongated, widely separated spermathecae; spermathecae not separate structures but distal continuation of insemination ducts, aligned parallel to each other and perpendicular to epigynal plate, internally with numerous coils; fertilization ducts originating posteriorly between boundary of insemination ducts and spermathecae.

Species account. A total of 206 species, 202 are treated here, 101 of which are described as new. Among the known Mallinella species including those being described below, 22 preliminary species-groups are recognized and proposed here. This classification was done primarily for practical reasons. Fortunately, the vast majority of them correspond well with results based on phylogenetic analyses.

Natural history. The biology of the genus Mallinella is poorly known, aside from their ground-dwelling habits, although specimens are often found in so-called raised litter: pockets of dead leafs accumulating among epiphytes or elsewhere on trees. Mallinella species clearly have a preference for forested areas. They can be found roaming on the forest floor at night. Most species usually live within the confines of their natural habitats but some species also live in modified ecosystems and plantations ( M. oculobella sp. nov. is abundant in paddy fields and citrus orchards). Although few species were observed feeding, in one case on collembola during the night, Mallinella are assumed to be specialized predators of ants; they were observed preying on the following ants species: Odontomachus simillimus Smith, 1858 ( Fig. 96 ); Camponotus gigas Latreille, 1802 ( Fig. 98 ); Crematogaster modiglianii Emery, 1900 ( Fig. 99 ) but Jocqué (pers. obs.) observed specimens feeding on termites in Ivory Coast. Females of M. montana sp. nov. built an elongate-oval retreat made of soil and humus particles in captivity.

Distribution. Paleotropic (tropical regions of Africa, Asia and Australia).

Species-group

A few species-groups sharing a single character that is not possessed by any of the other groups were immediately recognized (e.g. the tuberculata -, cryptocera -, zebra -, sciophana -, redimita -groups). Those species-groups sharing more than one character were subsequently selected (e.g. the sobria -, hilaris -, decorata -group). This classification helps maintaining any particular species-group well-defined and prevents them from becoming too large. There are some isolated species-groups which were not properly placed due to lack of information. These species-groups consist of a single species that does not fit elsewhere (e.g. the advena -, pectinata -, convolutiva -, pecularis -group). They are considered species-groups of their own. It is hoped that additional new species will be found in the future and subsequently placed in these monotypic species-groups.

The remaining Mallinella species lack any special character but, surprisingly, correspond well with the traditional ‘ Mallinella’ and with the type species of the genus, assuming that M. vittiventris is closely related to it (see above under types species). They were placed in the fronto -group and may be referred to as Mallinella sensu lato. This group is account for slightly less than half of the total number of Mallinella species.

The order of species-groups and species presented in the text is not in accordance with the results of a cladistic analysis. However, their taxonomic placements are strictly based on phylogenetic analysis.

Mallinella is phylogenetically divided into two major clades. The first clade (node 6) is further subdivided into three subclades; it is defined by two homoplasious characters of the male palp in which the apically bifid tegular apophysis (Ch. 82, state 2) carries a large, triangular baso-prolateral tooth (Ch. 85, state 1). The zebra -group is strongly supported; it is defined by a single synapomorphy: the presence of gland pores on the wall of spermathecae (Ch. 97, state 1). The sister relationship of clade 7 is supported by two homoplasious characters in connection with the orientation of the embolus (Ch. 71, state 0) and the strongly convoluted internal ducts on the distal part of the spermathecae (Ch. 94, state 3). The paraphyly of ( pectinata + ( hamata + ( convolutiva + ( advena + decorata - group)))) requires several additional representatives to be solved ( Fig. 3, node 7), specifically for the isolated species-groups consisting of a single species. This has been proven true for the decorata -group which is a well-defined monophyletic clade. It is very likely that further knowledge of the additional species would resolve the relationships among species obtained at this stage. The large clade 8 is not well-defined, most of its internal branches have little support. It is characterized by the pattern on the opisthosoma (Ch. 19, state 1), by the lack of modifications on the apico-prolateral margin of the TA (Ch. 83, state 0) and by the deep median incision on the epigynal plate (Ch. 91, state 3). This paraphyletic clade includes six recognizable species-groups (including the fronto -group or Mallinella sensu lato); three of these species-groups ( tuberculata -, platycera -, hilaris -group) appear monophyletic.

The second clade (node 9) is defined by a single homoplasious character, the sharply pointed triangular extension on lateral margin of the sternum (Ch. 33, state 1). Surprisingly, this clade is further divided into several subclades which represent nine well-defined species-groups. Clade 10 represents three Mallinella species-groups with reduced opisthosomal pattern (Ch. 17, state 1). The fasciata -group is supported by five homoplasious characters (Ch. 31, state 1; Ch. 60, state 1; Ch. 73, state 0; Ch. 81, state 1; Ch. 91, state 3); it is sister to ( sciophana - + sobria - group). The sister-group relationship of ( sciophana - + sobria -group) (node 11) is supported by one synapomorphy and five homoplasious characters. The sciophana -group is monophyletic, defined by two synapomorphic and three homoplasious characters. The sobria -group is supported by one synapomorphy and four homoplasies.

The redimita -group is defined by four homoplasious characters. The sister-group relationship of ( redimita - + annulipes -group) is supported by two homoplasious characters of male and female genital morphology. The monophyletic annulipes -group is supported by a single synapomorphy (Ch. 93, state 3): the digitiform extension on lateral borders of the epigyne.

The thailandica -group is found to be sister to (( adonis - + melanognatha ) + ( allantoides - + tricuspida -group)). Their relationship is supported by one synapomorphy and two homoplasious characters: the spermathecae is divided into two parts (Ch. 94, state 6); the posterior ventral spine is elongate (Ch. 23, state 3); the small apico-prolateral process on the TA is transparent (Ch. 81, state 1). The melanognatha -group is monophyletic, defined by a single synapomorphy: the elongated spermathecae with divergent apex and broad internal ducts (Ch. 94, state 5). The allantoides -group is defined by two homoplasious characters. The tricuspida -group is paraphyletic, supported by a single homoplasious character.

Figures

FIGURE 91. SEM of spinnerets of female M. kibonotensis. ALS, anterior lateral spinneret; AN, anus; CY, cylindrical gland spigot; mAP, minor ampullate gland spigot; MAP, major ampullate gland spigot; Pl, piriform gland spigot; PMS, posterior median spinneret; PLS, posterior lateral spinneret; PVS, posterior ventral spines;

FIGURES 122–125. 122, 124. Mallinella tuberculata sp. nov., male. 123, 125. M. tuberculata sp. nov., female. 122–123. PVS. 124–125. Ditto, enlarged.

FIGURES 67–70. 67. Mallinella flabellata sp. nov. 68. M. montana sp. nov. 69. M. immaculata. 70. M. silva sp. nov. 67. Male palp, prolateral. 68-69. Palpal tibia, retrolateral. 70. Palpal tibia and basal part of cymbium, retrolateral. AR, apical ridge on ventral side of palpal tibia; F, cymbial fold; RTA, retrolateral tibial apophysis; RTA-2, second retrolateral tibial apophysis; ST, subtegulum.

FIGURES 4–7. 4–7. Schematic illustration comparing left male palp (ventral) of four zodariid genera. 4. Euryeidon. 5. Heradion. 6. Mallinella. 7. Heliconilla gen. nov. AR, apical ridge on ventral side of palpal tibia; C, conductor; CDP, dorsal process of conductor; CE, cymbial extension; CF, cymbium fold; DA, distal tegular apophysis; E, embolus; EB, embolic base; ERT, elevated retrolateral margin of palpal tibia; LR, lateral ramus of embolus; MR, mesal ramus of embolus; PC, prolateral extension of conductor; RTA, retrolateral tibial apophysis; TA, tegular apophysis; TG, tegulum; TT, tegular tubercle; VTA, ventral tibial apophysis.

FIGURES 25–38. 25–33, 35–37. Mallinella spp. 34. Workmania sp. 38. Heliconilla sp. 25–31, 33–38. Tegular apophysis, ventral. 32. Ditto, prolateral.

FIGURES 39–66. 39–61. Mallinella spp. 62. Cydrela sp. 63. Euryeidon sp. 64–65. Heliconilla spp. 66. Heradion sp. 39–46, 49–52, 54–55, 59–61, 64–65. Part of female internal genitalia, anterior. 47–48, 53. Ditto, lateral. 56–58. Ditto, dorsal. 62–63, 66. Internal female genitalia, dorsal. A, proximal portion of spermatheca; AS, anterior spermatheca; B, distal portion of spermatheca; ID, insemination duct; PS, posterior spermatheca; SS, spermatheca.

FIGURES 719–725. 719-722, 724-725. Mallinella annulipes comb. nov., nom. nov., male from Malaysia. 723. M. longipoda sp. nov., holotype. 719. Femora I-III, dorsal. 720. Opisthosoma, dorsal. 721. Ditto, ventral. 722-723. Sternum. 724-725. PVS.

FIGURES 8–11. 8, 10. Euryeidon monticola. 9, 11. Heradion pernix. 8–9. Posterior portion of opisthosoma (ventral view) showing group of posterior ventral spines (PVS) situated on chitinized base. 10–11. PVS.

FIGURES 782–785. 782–783, 785. Mallinella spiralis sp. nov., holotype. 784. M. spiralis sp. nov., paratype. 782. Habitus, ventral. 783. Sternum. 784–785. PVS.

FIGURES 998–1001. 998–1001. Mallinella punctata sp. nov., male. 998. Carapace, dorsal. 999. Row of muscle points. 1000. First muscle point. 1001. Last muscle point.

FIGURES 126–129. 126–129. Mallinella tuberculata sp. nov., male. 126–127. Integument of carapace. 128. Right male palp, retrolateral. 129. Palpal tibia, retrolateral.

FIGURES 174–177. 174–177. Mallinella platycera sp. nov. 174–175. Integument of carapace. 176. Male palp, retroventral. 177. Palpal tibia, retroventral.

FIGURES 332–335. 332–335. Mallinella innovata sp. nov. 332–333. PVS. 334–335. Integument of carapace.

FIGURES 936–941. 936–941. Mallinella jaegeri sp. nov., male. 936–937. PVS. 938–939. Integument of carapace. 940. Left malp, retrolateral. 941. Bulbus and palpal tibia.

FIGURES 565–569. 565. Mallinella sobria comb. nov., syntype (MCSN). 566, 568. M. sobria comb. nov., male from Mt. Sigalang (NHMV). 567, 569. M. kritscheri sp. nov., paratype (NHMV). 565–567. Habitus, dorsal. 568. Eye region, dorsal. 569. Epigyne.

FIGURES 844–849. 844–846, 848. Mallinella tricuspida sp. nov., holotype. 849. M. tricuspida sp. nov., paratype. 847. M. angustissima sp. nov., holotype. 844. Habitus, ventral. 845. Carapace, dorsal. 846. Sternum. 847. Femora II & III, dorsal. 848–849. PVS.

FIGURES 612–614. 612. Mallinella apiculata sp. nov., paratype. 613–614. M. apiculata sp. nov., holotype. 613–612–613. PVS. 614. Prosoma, ventral.

FIGURES 306–309. 306, 308–309. Mallinella filicata sp. nov., holotype. 307. M. filicata sp. nov., paratype. 306–307. Habitus, dorsal. 308. Prosoma and opisthosoma, ventral. 309. Sternum.

FIGURES 690–693. 690–693. Mallinella redimita comb. nov., syntype (MNHN). 690. Habitus, dorsal. 691. Carapace, frontal. 692. Prosoma, ventral. 693. PVS.

FIGURES 406–409. 406–407. Mallinella convolutiva sp. nov., holotype. 408–409. M. convolutiva sp. nov., paratype. 406. Habitus, ventral. 407. Anterior portion of carapace showing eyes. 408. Epigyne. 409. Internal genitalia, anterior.

FIGURES 557–560. 557–560. Mallinella clavigera sp. nov., paratype. 557. Habitus, ventral. 558. Sternum. 559–560. PVS.

FIGURES 108–113. 108. Mallinella brachiata sp. nov., holotype. 109. M. brachiata sp. nov., paratype. 110–111. M. atromarginata, holotype. 112–113. M. tuberculata sp. nov. 108–109. Habitus, dorsal. 110. Anterior potion of carapace, dorsal. 111. Sternum. 112. PVS, male. 113. PVS, female.

FIGURES 375–379. 375–376, 378. Mallinella advena sp. nov., holotype. 377, 379. M. advena sp. nov., paratype. 375. Sternum. 376. Anterior portion of carapace showing eyes. 377. Epigyne. 378–379. PVS.

FIGURES 545–556. 545–548. Mallinella cirrhifera sp. nov., paratype. 549–550. M. caperata sp. nov., paratype. 551–552. M. sobria comb. nov., new material from Mt. Sigalang. 553–554. M. kritscheri sp. nov., holotype. 555–556. M. clavigera sp. nov., paratype. 545, 547, 549, 551, 553, 555. Epigyne. 546, 548, 550, 552, 554, 556. Internal genitalia, anterior.

FIGURES 786–793. 786–789. Mallinella scapigera sp. nov., paratype. 790–791. spiralis M. sp. nov., paratype. 792–793. M. allantoides sp. nov., holotype. 786, 788, 790, 792. Epigyne. 787, 789, 791, 793. Internal genitalia, anterior.

FIGURES 794–799. 794–795. Mallinella brachyrrhyncha sp. nov., paratype. 796–797. M. brunneofusca sp. nov., holotype. 798–799. M. angulosa sp. nov., paratype. 794, 796, 798. Epigyne. 795, 797, 799. Internal genitalia, anterior.

FIGURES 79–82. 79. Mallinella punctata sp. nov. 80–82. M. platycera sp. nov. 79–80. Chisel-shaped hairs on patella II. 81. Chisel-shaped hairs on patella III. 82. Chisel-shaped hairs on patella IV.

FIGURES 75–78. 75–77. Mallinella annulipes nom. nov., male. 78. M. cryptocera sp. nov. 75. Femur of leg I. 76. Proximal knob showing stridulating ridges. 77. Ordinary aculeate setae. 78. Ventral part of tibia IV showing group of chisel-shaped hairs.

FIGURES 216–220. 216–217, 219. Mallinella multicornis sp. nov., holotype. 218. M. acanthoclada sp. nov., holotype. 216. Sternum. 217. Stridulating files on dorsal side of anterior femora. 218. Proximal region of femora II showing files, dorsal. 219–220. PVS.

FIGURES 83–86. 83–86. Mallinella montana sp. nov. 83. Tibia I showing hinged hair (H), normal seta (NS) and tiny seta (TS). 84. Base of hinged hair. 85. Base of ordinary seta. 86. Bothrium on patella III.

FIGURES 310–313. 310. Mallinella immaculata, male paratype. 311. Mallinella immaculata, female from Thailand. 312. M. innovata sp. nov., holotype. 313. M. filifera sp. nov., holotype. 310–313. Habitus, dorsal.

FIGURES 371–374. 371–372. Mallinella advena sp. nov., holotype. 373–374. M. advena sp. nov., paratype. 371, 373. Habitus, dorsal. 372, 374. Ditto, ventral.

FIGURES 298–301. 298. Mallinella decorata, non-type (NHRS, Tenasserim). 299. M. decorata, syntype (NHRS, Tharrawaddy). 300–301. M. decorata, non-type (ZMUC, Mooleyit). 298–300. Habitus, dorsal. 301. Opisthosoma, dorsal.

FIGURES 156–161. 156. Mallinella cryptocera sp. nov., holotype. 157. M. cryptocera sp. nov., paratype. 158. M. platycera sp. nov., holotype. 159. M. platycera sp. nov., paratype. 160. M. microcera sp. nov., holotype. 161. M. callicera sp. nov., holotype. 156–161. Habitus, dorsal.

FIGURES 539–544. 539. Mallinella clavigera sp. nov., holotype. 540. M. clavigera sp. nov., paratype. 541. M. cirrhifera sp. nov., holotype. 541–544. M. cirrhifera sp. nov., paratype. 539–544. Habitus, dorsal.

FIGURES 104–107. 106. M. atromarginata sp. nov., holotype. 107. M. atromarginata sp. nov., paratype. 104. Mallinella tuberculata sp. nov., holotype. 105. M. tuberculata sp. nov., paratype. 104–107. Habitus, dorsal.

FIGURES 484–487. 484. Mallinella sciophana comb. nov., male from Mt. Sigalang, Sumatra. 485. M. sciophana comb. nov., female from Mt. Sigalang, Sumatra. 486. M. cuspidata sp. nov., holotype. 487. M. cuspidata sp. nov., paratype. 484–487. Habitus, dorsal.

FIGURES 87–90. 87–88. Mallinella silva sp. nov. 89. M. tuberculata sp. nov. 90. M. sciophana comb. nov. 87. Cymbial hairs. 88. Trichobothrium on male papal tibia. 89. Epigynal plate. 90. Epiandrum.

FIGURES 327–331. 327–329. Mallinella filicata sp. nov., paratype. 330. M. immaculata. 331. M. innovata sp. nov. 327–328, 330. Epigyne. 329. Internal genitalia, dorsal. 331. Epigastric area of male.

FIGURES 561–564. 561–564. Mallinella clavigera sp. nov., paratype. 561–562. PVS. 563–564. Integument of carapace.

FIGURES 499–502. 499–502. Mallinella sciophana comb. nov., from Mt. Sigalang, Sumatra. 499–500. PVS. 501–502. Integument of carapace.

FIGURES 314–320. 314–320. Mallinella decorata, male (NHRS). 314. Male palp, ventral. 315. Ditto, retrodorsal. 316. Ditto, retrolateral. 317. Palpal tibia, retrolateral. 318. Ditto, retroventral. 319. TA, ventral. 320. TA and conductor, prolateral.

FIGURES 410–416. 410–416. Mallinella convolutiva sp. nov., holotype. 410. Male palp, ventral. 411. Ditto, retroventral. 412. Retrolateral. 413. Proventral. 414. Dorsal. 415. Tegular spine, prolateral. 416. Tegular extension.

FIGURES 71–74. 71–72. Mallinella jaegeri sp. nov. 73–74. M. montana sp. nov. 71. Chemosensitive hairs type I. 72. Apex of chemosensitive hairs type I. 73. Cymbial hairs and chemosensitive hairs type II. 74. Apex of chemosensitive hairs type II.

FIGURES 417–423. 417–422. Mallinella convolutiva sp. nov., holotype. 423. M. convolutiva sp. nov., paratype. 417. Male palp, ventral. 418. Ditto, retrolateral. 419. Palpal tibia, retrolateral. 420. TA, ventral. 421. Ditto, retrolateral. 422. Ditto, proventral. 423. Right spermatheca, anterior.

FIGURES 341–346. 341, 343. Mallinella filicata sp. nov., holotype. 342, 344–346. M. filicata sp. nov., paratype. 341–342. Male palp, ventral. 343. Ditto, retrolateral. 344. Left spermatheca, anterior. 345. Ditto, lateral. 346. Right spermatheca, anterodorsal.

FIGURES 130–138. 130–134. Mallinella tuberculata sp. nov., holotype. 135–138. M. tuberculata sp. nov., paratype. 130. Male palp, ventral. 131. RTA, retrolateral. 132. TA, prolateral. 133. Ditto, retrolateral. 134. Apex of embolus, prolateral. 135. Internal genitalia, dorsal. 137. Ditto, lateral. 136. Left spermatheca, anterior. 138. Right spermatheca, lateral.

FIGURES 139–146. 139–142. Mallinella atromarginata sp. nov., holotype. 143–146. M. atromarginata sp. nov., paratype. 139. Male palp, ventral. 140. Palpal tibia, retrolateral. 141. TA, retrolateral. 142. Ditto, prolateral. 143. Internal genitalia, dorsal. 144. Left spermatheca, anterior. 145. Ditto, lateral. 146. Right spermatheca, posterior.

FIGURES 732–738. 732. Mallinella calilungae, female (SMF).733–734, 737–738. M. annulipes comb. nov., nom. nov. from Singapore. 734. 735. M. angustata sp. nov., holotype. 736. M. longipoda sp. nov., paratype. 732–736. Epigyne. 737. Internal genitalia, anterior. 738. Ditto, dorsal.

FIGURES 493–498. 493–494. Mallinella sciophana comb. nov., from Mt. Sigalang, Sumatra. 495–496. M. cuspidatissima sp. nov., paratype. 497–498. M. cuspidata sp. nov., paratype. 493, 495, 497. Epigyne. 494, 496, 498. Internal genitalia, anterior.

FIGURES 96–99. 96. Mallinella of the annulipes-group (female). 97. Heliconilla gen. nov., sp. nov. (male) 98. M. of the annulipes-group (male). 99. Mallinella sp. Photo courtesy of Dr. Tzi Ming Leong (96, 98–99)